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CFD 11 Month > CFD Wildland Manual > Flashcards

CFD Wildland Manual Flashcards

1
Q

3 types of ground cover fire

A

ground fire
surface fire
crown fire

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2
Q

ground fire

A

burn in the layer of dead organic matter that generally covers the soil in forested areas

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3
Q

surface fire

A

most common type

it burns on the soil surface and uses low lying grass, shrubs and other vegetations as fuel

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4
Q

crown fire

A

are wind-driven, high-intensity fires that move the treetops of heavily forested areas

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5
Q

wildland fire triangle

A

fuels
weather
topography

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6
Q

fuels can be divided into two categories

A

dead and live

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7
Q

fine fuels

A

1 hour fuels, 1/4” or less in diameter

grass, small twigs, surface duff

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8
Q

Light Fuels

A

10 hour fuels

twigs and stems

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9
Q

Medium Fuels

A

100 hour fuels

branches, small trees and logs, medium depth duff

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10
Q

Heavy Fuels

A

1000 hour fuels

logs, trees, deep duff, peat

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11
Q

Factors causing variation in ignition temperature

A

Size (smaller will ignite easier)
shape of fuel
moisture content (heat of vaporization)
quantity of fuel being heated
velocity of air around the particle

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12
Q

the most important aspect of fire ignition temperatures

A

moisture content

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13
Q

Two categories of fuel continuity

A

uniform and patchy

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14
Q

uniform fuels

A

are distributed continuously over the area

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15
Q

patchy fuels

A

all fuels distributed unevenly over the area

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16
Q

Fuel moisture

A

defined as the percentage of the fuels weight that is water but is usually referred to in more general terms

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17
Q

two conditions influencing fuel moisture

A

greeness or curing stage

shade protection

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18
Q

Greeness or Curing stage

A

green (spring)
curing (summer)
Cured (fall and early spring)

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19
Q

Shade protection

A

Fuels under dense stands dry out slower

south slope fuels dry fast

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20
Q

The most important variable to be considered in evaluating fire behaviour

A

Weather

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21
Q

Four variables influence fire weather

A

relative humidity
temperature
wind
precipitation

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22
Q

relative humidity

A

is the actual amount of water vapour in the air compared to what it could hold at the same temperature and pressure, expressed as a percentage

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23
Q

An RH above 50% to 60% is considered a humid condition

A

greater than 60% - humid

less than 30% - dry

less than 20% - very dry

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24
Q

Crossover

A

when the increasing temperature in degrees celcius and the decreasing RH in percentage are equal or approaching the same value

fire problems are likely

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25
Q

Four major categories of Topography

A

Aspect
Steepness
shape of country
barriers

26
Q

Aspect

A

direction with respect to sunlight and wind

slope facing the sun receive more direct solar radiation

south and west slopes heat up more quickly and have higher ground and air temperatures

27
Q

steepness

A

steep slopes affect the vegetation and the rate of speed

28
Q

Rule of thumb for spread increase

A

a fire burning uphill on a moderate slope (0-40%) will double in speed when going to a steep slope (40-70%) and it will double again when going from a steep to a very steep slope (70-100%)

29
Q

fire danger rating

A

based on continuous weather information over a fire season, estimates:

   probability of a fire starting
   estimate burning intensity 
    rate of fire spread
30
Q

Low Fire rating

A

indicates that fie will not start readily and will burn slowly

31
Q

Moderate Fire Rating

A

indicates that the rate of fire spread will be moderate and fire control will not be difficult

32
Q

High Fire Rating Indicates

A

fire will start easily
fire will spread rapidly
spotting will occur
direct attack will be difficult

33
Q

Extreme Fire Rating Indicates

A

fires will start readily from all causes
fires will burn intensely
fires will spread rapidly
control will be confined to the flanks
direct attack will be unlikely

34
Q

Parts of a Ground Cover Fire

35
Q

Area or Origin

A

where the fire started

36
Q

head

A

leading edge of the, generally where the most intense flame is

37
Q

rear

A

opposite side from the head, usually where the fire is least intense

38
Q

flank

A

the side of the fire, linking the head and the rear

39
Q

Finger

A

extension of the fire away from the main body, often as a result of shifting winds or topography changes

40
Q

Bay

A

space between the fingers or between a finger and the main fire

extremely dangerous due to fire surrounding the bay on three sides

41
Q

Island

A

unburned area located within the area where the fire has already burned

fuel is still present and islands should not be regarded as safety zones

42
Q

spot fire

A

a small fire that starts to burn ahead of the head of the fire (usually a result of winds)

43
Q

Green

A

the area of unburned fuel around the fire

44
Q

Black

A

area where the fire has already burned, eliminating most or all fuel

often the safest place to be near the fire

45
Q

Ground cover fire suppression steps

A

don appropriate PPE
size up, identify safety and exposure risks
protect exposures if necessary
construct a fire line
overhaul the area completely

46
Q

Breaking the Fire Triangle

A

Remove the fuel
Remove oxygen
Reduce Heat

47
Q

Remove the fuel by

A

cutting a line or separating the fuel from the fire

48
Q

Remove oxygen by

A

cutting off the air with a foam mat or a cover of dirt

49
Q

Reduce heat

A

below the combustion temperature by cooling with water or dirt

50
Q

Four levels of Fire status

A

out of control - fire spread is not being contained

being held - fire is not likely to spread under prevailing weather conditions

under control - there is no further spread of the fire

Extinguished - no head on the fire exists

51
Q

Direct attack

A

involves acting on the actual burning perimeter of the fires edge

flame height must be low and heat must not be too intense

FF should work from the black - it is the safest

52
Q

Indirect attack

A

consists of constructing an anchor line, utilizing natural breaks or creating fire breaks with the use of foam, heavy equipment or hand tools

53
Q

fire line width

A

should be 1.5x the height of the burning material as a start

54
Q

LACES

A

Describes a systems approach to safety in the wildland environment

55
Q

LACES stands for

A

Lookouts
Anchor Points
Communication
Escape Routes
Safety Zones

56
Q

Lookouts

A

used to watch the fire from a vantage point which gives a clear view of the overall fire area

57
Q

Anchor points

A

advantageous locations to start or finish fighting a fire on a fire line or leading edge of a fire, usually a barrier to fire spread

ex. roads, waterways, bike paths

58
Q

communications

A

every FF is responsible for alerting other FF to any fire line hazards

must be prompt and clear

59
Q

Escape Routes

A

are retreat paths that provide rapid access to safety zones

common escape route is the control line

lead away from the head of the fire, usually at right angles to the direction of fire spread

60
Q

Safety Zones

A

are areas where FF, apparatus or both can survive if control of the fire line is lost

basic guideline, no FF or equipment should be within 4x the flame height of anywhere the fire will be burning along the edge of the safety zone

61
Q

retreat and return

A

means FF retreat to safety zones and allow the fire to move through the area, when it is safe to do so FF may return to protect structures or extinguish remaining fires

CFD 11 Month (32 decks)

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