HUBS192 Lecture 4 - Cardiovascular system, Anatomy of the Heart, part 1 Flashcards
what is the blood vascular system?
a continuous closed supply and drainage system loop
what is the lymphatic (vascular) system?
a one-way open-entry drainage system
what does the colour blue represent?
deoxygenated blood
what does the colour red represent?
oxygenated blood
what does the colour purple represent?
vessels involved in gas exchange
what are the 3 general principles of organisation of the cardiovascular system?
1) supply side
2) exchange network
3) drainage
what are the only supply path?
arteries are the only supply path
where are major arteries situated?
situated to avoid damage
e.g deep in the trunk
what is different about important structures in terms of number of arteries?
important structures often receive supply from two seperate arteries
what is the relationship between the name of an artery and each new branch
arteries change their name at each major branch
what are the 3 capillaries of the exchange network and how permeable are each of them?
1) continuous (controlled=tight)
2) fenestrated (leaky)
3) sinusoidal (very leaky)
what are the 3 pathways for drainage?
1) deep veins
2) superficial veins
3) lymphatics
what is the relationship between CSA of veins compared to arteries
CSA of veins is at least twice the CSA of arteries to move the same volume of blood per second
what is the shape of the heart?
the heart is blunt and cone shaped with an apex (pointed end) and a base (broad end)
where is the heart located?
2 thirds of the heart is located to the left of the midline in the chest
what is the midclavicular line?
the point where the apex points where there is the PMI of the apex beat
what is the PMI?
the point of maximal impulse of the apex beat (most efficient)
where is the apex located?
on the anterior left side of the chest by the 5th and 6th ribs
where is the base located?
between the 2nd and 3rd ribs
what is permeability?
how easy it is for blood to leave into the surrounding tissue
what is the function of the right atrium?
receives deoxygenated blood from the body
what is the function of the right ventricle?
pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs
what is the function of the left atrium?
receives oxygenated blood from the lungs
what is the function of the left ventricle?
pumps oxygenated blood into the aorta and the pulmonary arteries
what is systemic circulation?
the branch of the circulatory system that supplies all body organs and then returns de-oxygenated blood to the right atrium via the veins
what is the function of the inter-ventricular septum?
separates the 2 ventricles
what is the function of the superior vena cava?
drains all the deoxygenated blood from anything above the diaphragm
what is the function of the inferior vena cava?
drains all the deoxygenated blood from anything below the diaphragm
what is the tricuspid valve?
3 leaflets that stop blood back flow
what is the pulmonary valve?
valve between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery
what is the flow of blood from the left atrium & ventricle
blood enters from the left pulmonary veins into the left atrium down the left ventricle and up through to the aorta
what does the right atrium receive and what is it composed of?
receives deoxygenated blood
- superior vena cava
- inferior vena cava
- coronary sinus
what does the left atrium receive and what is it composed of?
receives oxygenated blood
-4 pulmonary veins
what are the 4 layers of the heart wall from deep to superficial?
1) endocardium
2) myocardium
3) epicardium
all covered in pericardium
what is the main tissue structure of the heart?
myocardium because myo means muscle and the heart is composed of cardiac and smooth muscle for contraction
what is the composition of endocardium?
- squamous epithelium
- loose irregular fibrous connective tissue (FCT)
- small blood vessels
- purkinje fibres
what is the thickness of the right side of the heart?
0.5cm
what is the thickness of the left side of the heart?
1.5cm
what are the 4 things present in epicardium?
1) visceral pericardium
2) large blood vessels (represented by a circle)
3) loose irregular FCT
4) adipose tissue
what are the layers of pericardium from outer to inner?
1) fibrous pericardium
2) parietal layer of serous pericardium
3) pericardial cavity
4) visceral serous pericardium
what are the 4 things present in epicardium?
1) visceral serous pericardium
2) loose irregular FCT
3) blood vessels
4) adipose tissue
what is the relationship between pericardium and epicardium?
there is an overlap between pericardium and epicardium as part of the pericardium is also a part of the epicardium
what is endothelium?
essential for the heart and stops blood clotting
what are the layers of pericardium from outermost to innermost?
1) parietal pericardium
2) pericardial fluid
3) visceral pericardium
where is blood drained from?
blood is drained from the atrium to the ventricular system
what is an essential feature of arteries?
arteries carry blood over high pressure and high velocity
what is an artery?
blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body
what is a vein?
blood vessel that carries de-oxygenated blood from the body to the heart for re-oxygenation
