HUBS192 Lecture 4 - Cardiovascular system, Anatomy of the Heart, part 1

Question 1

what is the blood vascular system?

Answer 1

a continuous closed supply and drainage system loop

Question 2

what is the lymphatic (vascular) system?

Answer 2

a one-way open-entry drainage system

Question 3

what does the colour blue represent?

Answer 3

deoxygenated blood

Question 4

what does the colour red represent?

Answer 4

oxygenated blood

Question 5

what does the colour purple represent?

Answer 5

vessels involved in gas exchange

Question 6

what are the 3 general principles of organisation of the cardiovascular system?

Answer 6

1) supply side
2) exchange network
3) drainage

Question 7

what are the only supply path?

Answer 7

arteries are the only supply path

Question 8

where are major arteries situated?

Answer 8

situated to avoid damage

e.g deep in the trunk

Question 9

what is different about important structures in terms of number of arteries?

Answer 9

important structures often receive supply from two seperate arteries

Question 10

what is the relationship between the name of an artery and each new branch

Answer 10

arteries change their name at each major branch

Question 11

what are the 3 capillaries of the exchange network and how permeable are each of them?

Answer 11

1) continuous (controlled=tight)
2) fenestrated (leaky)
3) sinusoidal (very leaky)

Question 12

what are the 3 pathways for drainage?

Answer 12

1) deep veins
2) superficial veins
3) lymphatics

Question 13

what is the relationship between CSA of veins compared to arteries

Answer 13

CSA of veins is at least twice the CSA of arteries to move the same volume of blood per second

Question 14

what is the shape of the heart?

Answer 14

the heart is blunt and cone shaped with an apex (pointed end) and a base (broad end)

Question 15

where is the heart located?

Answer 15

2 thirds of the heart is located to the left of the midline in the chest

Question 16

what is the midclavicular line?

Answer 16

the point where the apex points where there is the PMI of the apex beat

Question 17

what is the PMI?

Answer 17

the point of maximal impulse of the apex beat (most efficient)

Question 18

where is the apex located?

Answer 18

on the anterior left side of the chest by the 5th and 6th ribs

Question 19

where is the base located?

Answer 19

between the 2nd and 3rd ribs

Question 20

what is permeability?

Answer 20

how easy it is for blood to leave into the surrounding tissue

Question 21

what is the function of the right atrium?

Answer 21

receives deoxygenated blood from the body

Question 22

what is the function of the right ventricle?

Answer 22

pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs

Question 23

what is the function of the left atrium?

Answer 23

receives oxygenated blood from the lungs

Question 24

what is the function of the left ventricle?

Answer 24

pumps oxygenated blood into the aorta and the pulmonary arteries

Question 25

what is systemic circulation?

Answer 25

the branch of the circulatory system that supplies all body organs and then returns de-oxygenated blood to the right atrium via the veins

Question 26

what is the function of the inter-ventricular septum?

Answer 26

separates the 2 ventricles

Question 27

what is the function of the superior vena cava?

Answer 27

drains all the deoxygenated blood from anything above the diaphragm

Question 28

what is the function of the inferior vena cava?

Answer 28

drains all the deoxygenated blood from anything below the diaphragm

Question 29

what is the tricuspid valve?

Answer 29

3 leaflets that stop blood back flow

Question 30

what is the pulmonary valve?

Answer 30

valve between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery

Question 31

what is the flow of blood from the left atrium & ventricle

Answer 31

blood enters from the left pulmonary veins into the left atrium down the left ventricle and up through to the aorta

Question 32

what does the right atrium receive and what is it composed of?

Answer 32

receives deoxygenated blood - superior vena cava - inferior vena cava - coronary sinus

Question 33

what does the left atrium receive and what is it composed of?

Answer 33

receives oxygenated blood | -4 pulmonary veins

Question 34

what are the 4 layers of the heart wall from deep to superficial?

Answer 34

1) endocardium 2) myocardium 3) epicardium all covered in pericardium

Question 35

what is the main tissue structure of the heart?

Answer 35

myocardium because myo means muscle and the heart is composed of cardiac and smooth muscle for contraction

Question 36

what is the composition of endocardium?

Answer 36

- squamous epithelium - loose irregular fibrous connective tissue (FCT) - small blood vessels - purkinje fibres

Question 37

what is the thickness of the right side of the heart?

Answer 37

0.5cm

Question 38

what is the thickness of the left side of the heart?

Answer 38

1.5cm

Question 39

what are the 4 things present in epicardium?

Answer 39

1) visceral pericardium 2) large blood vessels (represented by a circle) 3) loose irregular FCT 4) adipose tissue

Question 40

what are the layers of pericardium from outer to inner?

Answer 40

1) fibrous pericardium 2) parietal layer of serous pericardium 3) pericardial cavity 4) visceral serous pericardium

Question 41

what are the 4 things present in epicardium?

Answer 41

1) visceral serous pericardium 2) loose irregular FCT 3) blood vessels 4) adipose tissue

Question 42

what is the relationship between pericardium and epicardium?

Answer 42

there is an overlap between pericardium and epicardium as part of the pericardium is also a part of the epicardium

Question 43

what is endothelium?

Answer 43

essential for the heart and stops blood clotting

Question 44

what are the layers of pericardium from outermost to innermost?

Answer 44

1) parietal pericardium 2) pericardial fluid 3) visceral pericardium

Question 45

where is blood drained from?

Answer 45

blood is drained from the atrium to the ventricular system

Question 46

what is an essential feature of arteries?

Answer 46

arteries carry blood over high pressure and high velocity

Question 47

what is an artery?

Answer 47

blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body

Question 48

what is a vein?

Answer 48

blood vessel that carries de-oxygenated blood from the body to the heart for re-oxygenation