HUBS192 Lecture 30 - Urinary System III, The Ureters, Bladder and Urethra

Question 1

what is transitional epithelium?

Answer 1

stratified rounded cells that flatten when stretched for protection

Question 2

what are the ureters?

Answer 2

2 slender tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder that descend retroperitoneally through the abdomen and vertically from the hilum

Question 3

where are the ureters located?

Answer 3

retroperitoneal

Question 4

what moves urine to the bladder?

Answer 4

peristaltic waves

Question 5

where do the ureters arise from?

Answer 5

arise from each renal pelvis at each hilum

Question 6

what are the 3 layers of the ureter?

Answer 6

1) mucosa that consists of the lamina propria and the transitional epithelium
2) muscularis - inner longitudinal layer and outer circular layer
3) adventitia - outer covering of fibrous connective tissue

Question 7

what is in mucosa layer of the ureter?

Answer 7

• lamina propria

- transitional epithelium

Question 8

what is in the muscularis layer of the ureter?

Answer 8

• smooth muscle
• inner longitudinal circular layer
• outer circular layer

Question 9

what is on the inner surface of the ureter?

Answer 9

folded protective protein plaques

Question 10

is the muscularis of the ureter the same as the GI tract?

Answer 10

no because the inner layer is longitudinal (compared to an inner circular layer in the GI tract) and the outer layer is circular (compared to a outer longitudinal layer in the GI tract)

Question 11

where does the ureters enter the bladder?

Answer 11

run obliquely through the wall of the bladder at the posterolateral corners

Question 12

what is the effect of the ureters entering the bladder at an oblique angle?

Answer 12

act as sphincter/valve compressed by increased bladder pressure to prevent back-flow

Question 13

what is the urinary bladder?

Answer 13

a collapsible muscular sac that stores and expels urine

Question 14

what happens when the urinary bladder is empty?

Answer 14

when empty the bladder collapses along folds - rugae

Question 15

what is the relationship between bladder expansion and pressure?

Answer 15

when full, the bladder expands without a great increase in pressure

Question 16

what are the rugae in the urinary bladder?

Answer 16

folds that allow the bladder to expand

Question 17

what does the bladder wall contain?

Answer 17

contains muscle for the expulsion of urine

Question 18

what is the function of the urethra?

Answer 18

carries urine out of the bladder

Question 19

what is the trigone?

Answer 19

triangular region between 2 openings of entry of the ureters and 1 opening for the urethra

Question 20

what is the shape of an empty bladder and where is it located?

Answer 20

pyramidal in shape and lies within the pelvis

Question 21

what is the shape of a filling bladder and where is it located?

Answer 21

as the bladder fills it become more spherical and expands superiorly into the abdominal cavity

Question 22

where can the bladder be palpated?

Answer 22

above the pubic symphysis

Question 23

where is the bladder located in males?

Answer 23

anterior to the rectum and superior to the prostate gland (wraps around the urethra)

Question 24

where is the bladder located in females?

Answer 24

anterior to the vagina and the uterus (sits on top of the bladder)

Question 25

what is the layer of muscle in the urinary bladder?

Answer 25

thick smooth muscle layer called the detrusor

Question 26

what is the result of the contractions in the urinary bladder wall?

Answer 26

contractions to expel urine from bladder into urethra during urination

Question 27

what are the 3 structures that protect the urinary tract?

Answer 27

1) transitional epithelium 2) protein plaques 3) entrance to bladder prevents backflow

Question 28

what is the muscle that forms the wall of the bladder and what is its function?

Answer 28

detrusor muscle that expels urine

Question 29

what is the urethra?

Answer 29

thin walled muscular tube that drains urine from the bladder out out the body

Question 30

how does the epithelium change in the urethra?

Answer 30

- transitional epithelium near the bladder - columnar epithelium with mucus glands to protect epithelium from urine - stratified squamous near the external opening

Question 31

how long is the female urethra?

Answer 31

approx. 5cm

Question 32

is the urethra seperate from the reproductive system in females?

Answer 32

yes, the urethra is seperate from the reproductive system

Question 33

how long is the male urethra?

Answer 33

approx. 25cm

Question 34

is the urethra seperate from the reproductive system in males?

Answer 34

no, it part of the reproductive systems

Question 35

what is the initial section of the male urethra surrounded by and what does it produce?

Answer 35

initial section is surrounded by the prostate gland and produces seminal fluid

Question 36

what does the initial section of the male urethra produce?

Answer 36

seminal fluid

Question 37

what are the 3 sections of the male urethra?

Answer 37

1) prostatic 2) membranous 3) spongy/penile

Question 38

what is the internal urethral/urinary sphincter?

Answer 38

the junction of the bladder and the urethra that is an extension of a detrusor muscle that is under involuntary control

Question 39

is the internal urethral/urinary sphincter under voluntary or involuntary control?

Answer 39

involuntary control

Question 40

what is the external urethral/urinary sphincter?

Answer 40

located where the urethra passes through the urogenital diaphragm that is composed of skeletal muscle under voluntary control

Question 41

is the external urethral/urinary sphincter under voluntary or involuntary control?

Answer 41

voluntary control

Question 42

what is the basic process of urination?

Answer 42

- bladder fills with urine and expands - AP from stretch receptors to brain - urgency increases as signals increase - internal sphincter relaxes - conscious relaxation of the external sphincter

Question 43

what is the motility pattern that moves urine down the ureter?

Answer 43

peristalsis

Question 44

what are the 3 places in the urinary tract you would find transitional epithelium?

Answer 44

1) ureters 2) urinary bladder 3) initial part of urethra