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HUBS192 Lectures 1-38 > HUBS192 Lecture 30 - Urinary System III, The Ureters, Bladder and Urethra > Flashcards

HUBS192 Lecture 30 - Urinary System III, The Ureters, Bladder and Urethra Flashcards

1
Q

what is transitional epithelium?

A

stratified rounded cells that flatten when stretched for protection

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2
Q

what are the ureters?

A

2 slender tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder that descend retroperitoneally through the abdomen and vertically from the hilum

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3
Q

where are the ureters located?

A

retroperitoneal

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4
Q

what moves urine to the bladder?

A

peristaltic waves

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5
Q

where do the ureters arise from?

A

arise from each renal pelvis at each hilum

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6
Q

what are the 3 layers of the ureter?

A

1) mucosa that consists of the lamina propria and the transitional epithelium
2) muscularis - inner longitudinal layer and outer circular layer
3) adventitia - outer covering of fibrous connective tissue

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7
Q

what is in mucosa layer of the ureter?

A
  • lamina propria

- transitional epithelium

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8
Q

what is in the muscularis layer of the ureter?

A
  • smooth muscle
  • inner longitudinal circular layer
  • outer circular layer
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9
Q

what is on the inner surface of the ureter?

A

folded protective protein plaques

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10
Q

is the muscularis of the ureter the same as the GI tract?

A

no because the inner layer is longitudinal (compared to an inner circular layer in the GI tract) and the outer layer is circular (compared to a outer longitudinal layer in the GI tract)

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11
Q

where does the ureters enter the bladder?

A

run obliquely through the wall of the bladder at the posterolateral corners

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12
Q

what is the effect of the ureters entering the bladder at an oblique angle?

A

act as sphincter/valve compressed by increased bladder pressure to prevent back-flow

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13
Q

what is the urinary bladder?

A

a collapsible muscular sac that stores and expels urine

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14
Q

what happens when the urinary bladder is empty?

A

when empty the bladder collapses along folds - rugae

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15
Q

what is the relationship between bladder expansion and pressure?

A

when full, the bladder expands without a great increase in pressure

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16
Q

what are the rugae in the urinary bladder?

A

folds that allow the bladder to expand

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17
Q

what does the bladder wall contain?

A

contains muscle for the expulsion of urine

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18
Q

what is the function of the urethra?

A

carries urine out of the bladder

19
Q

what is the trigone?

A

triangular region between 2 openings of entry of the ureters and 1 opening for the urethra

20
Q

what is the shape of an empty bladder and where is it located?

A

pyramidal in shape and lies within the pelvis

21
Q

what is the shape of a filling bladder and where is it located?

A

as the bladder fills it become more spherical and expands superiorly into the abdominal cavity

22
Q

where can the bladder be palpated?

A

above the pubic symphysis

23
Q

where is the bladder located in males?

A

anterior to the rectum and superior to the prostate gland (wraps around the urethra)

24
Q

where is the bladder located in females?

A

anterior to the vagina and the uterus (sits on top of the bladder)

25
Q

what is the layer of muscle in the urinary bladder?

A

thick smooth muscle layer called the detrusor

26
Q

what is the result of the contractions in the urinary bladder wall?

A

contractions to expel urine from bladder into urethra during urination

27
Q

what are the 3 structures that protect the urinary tract?

A

1) transitional epithelium
2) protein plaques
3) entrance to bladder prevents backflow

28
Q

what is the muscle that forms the wall of the bladder and what is its function?

A

detrusor muscle that expels urine

29
Q

what is the urethra?

A

thin walled muscular tube that drains urine from the bladder out out the body

30
Q

how does the epithelium change in the urethra?

A
  • transitional epithelium near the bladder
  • columnar epithelium with mucus glands to protect epithelium from urine
  • stratified squamous near the external opening
31
Q

how long is the female urethra?

A

approx. 5cm

32
Q

is the urethra seperate from the reproductive system in females?

A

yes, the urethra is seperate from the reproductive system

33
Q

how long is the male urethra?

A

approx. 25cm

34
Q

is the urethra seperate from the reproductive system in males?

A

no, it part of the reproductive systems

35
Q

what is the initial section of the male urethra surrounded by and what does it produce?

A

initial section is surrounded by the prostate gland and produces seminal fluid

36
Q

what does the initial section of the male urethra produce?

A

seminal fluid

37
Q

what are the 3 sections of the male urethra?

A

1) prostatic
2) membranous
3) spongy/penile

38
Q

what is the internal urethral/urinary sphincter?

A

the junction of the bladder and the urethra that is an extension of a detrusor muscle that is under involuntary control

39
Q

is the internal urethral/urinary sphincter under voluntary or involuntary control?

A

involuntary control

40
Q

what is the external urethral/urinary sphincter?

A

located where the urethra passes through the urogenital diaphragm that is composed of skeletal muscle under voluntary control

41
Q

is the external urethral/urinary sphincter under voluntary or involuntary control?

A

voluntary control

42
Q

what is the basic process of urination?

A
  • bladder fills with urine and expands
  • AP from stretch receptors to brain
  • urgency increases as signals increase
  • internal sphincter relaxes
  • conscious relaxation of the external sphincter
43
Q

what is the motility pattern that moves urine down the ureter?

A

peristalsis

44
Q

what are the 3 places in the urinary tract you would find transitional epithelium?

A

1) ureters
2) urinary bladder
3) initial part of urethra

HUBS192 Lectures 1-38 (38 decks)

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