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HUBS192 Lectures 1-38 > HUBS192 Lecture 29 - Urinary System II, The Nephron > Flashcards

HUBS192 Lecture 29 - Urinary System II, The Nephron Flashcards

1
Q

approximately how many nephrons per kidney?

A

approx. 1 million per kidney

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2
Q

what does the juxtamedullary nephron describe?

A

describes where the renal corpuscle and the glomerulus meet where they are located

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3
Q

what are the 2 types of nephrons?

A

1) cortical nephrons

2) juxtamedullary nephrons

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4
Q

where are cortical nephrons located?

A

lie mainly in the cortex with some parts in the medulla

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5
Q

how many percent does the cortical nephrons make up of the nephrons in the body?

A

85%

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6
Q

where is the renal corpuscle of juxtamedullary nephrons located?

A

renal corpuscle right at the border between the medulla and the cortex above it

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7
Q

where are juxtamedullary nephrons located?

A

extend deep into the medulla

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8
Q

what are juxtamedullary nephrons important for?

A

important for the formation of concentrated urine

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9
Q

what are the 3 functions of the nephron?

A

1) selectively filter blood
2) return to blood anything to be kept/wanted
3) carry waste away for storage & explusion

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10
Q

what 3 parts are each nephron comprised of?

A

1) a glomerular capsule
2) renal tubules
3) a collecting duct

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11
Q

what 2 capillaries are each nephron associated with?

A

1) a glomerulus (glomerular capillaries)

2) peritubular capillaries

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12
Q

what are glomerular capillaries?

A

thin walled single layer of fenestrated endothelial cells

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13
Q

how is blood fed and drained through fenestrated endothelial cells?

A

fed by afferent arterioles and drained by efferent arterioles

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14
Q

what is tightly regulated at the glomerular capillaries?

A

blood pressure is tightly regulated

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15
Q

what are the glomerular capillaries specialised for?

A

specialised for filtration

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16
Q

why are peritubular capillaries called peritubular capillaries?

A

because they wrap around renal tubules

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17
Q

what are peritubular capillaries specialised for?

A

specialised for absorption

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18
Q

what do peritubular capillaries carry?

A

carries filtered blood from the efferent arterioles

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19
Q

what do peritubular capillaries receive?

A

receives reabsorbed filtrate from the nephron

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20
Q

where can the peritubular capillaries secrete into?

A

secrete into the nephron

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21
Q

what are vasa recta?

A

extensions that follow loops deep into the medulla and are only found in juxtamedullary nephrons

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22
Q

where are vasa recta only found with?

A

only found with juxtamedullary nephrons

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23
Q

what is the glomerulus?

A

bundle of glomerular capillaries

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24
Q

what is the glomerulus capsule enclosed by?

A

enclosed by the glomerular capsule

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25
Q

what is the renal corpuscle the site of?

A

site of the filtration barrier

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26
Q

what is the first part of the nephron?

A

the glomerular capsule

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27
Q

why is the outer parietal layer of the glomerular capsule made up of simple squamous cells?

A

to stop whatever is filtered from leaking back out

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28
Q

what is filtrate?

A

what is taken out of the blood that may become urine before it travels down the nephron tubes

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29
Q

what are the 3 layers of the glomerular capsule from outer to inner?

A

1) outer parietal layer composed of simple squamous cells
2) capsular space which receives filtrate
3) inner visceral layer composed of podocytes

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30
Q

what is the outer parietal layer of the glomerular capsule made up of?

A

simple squamous cells

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31
Q

what is the inner visceral layer of the glomerular capsule made up of?

A

podocytes

32
Q

what does the capsular space receive?

A

receives filtrate

33
Q

what are filtration slits?

A

gaps formed between the pedicels

34
Q

how do podocytes wraps around capillaries?

A

by interdigitating and surrounding the glomerular capillaries

35
Q

what is the function of pedicels?

A

pedicels interdigitate and sit over the fenestrations making filtration more selective

36
Q

what are pedicels?

A

branches that have formed intertwining foot processes

37
Q

what forms between pedicels?

A

filtration slits

38
Q

how does blood pass through the filtration slits?

A

filtered blood (filtrate) goes through the filtration slits and passes into the capsular space

39
Q

what is the main function of the filtration barrier?

A

restrict what passes through mainly based on size

-mostly proteins and RBC’s are too large to be filtered into the nephron

40
Q

what is the filtration barrier?

A

blood-urine barrier or glomerular capsular membrane

41
Q

where does the filtration barrier lie between?

A

lies between the blood and the capsular space

42
Q

what does the filtration barrier allow?

A

allows the free passage of water and small molecules

43
Q

what are the 3 layers of the filtration barrier?

A

1) fenestrated endothelium of the glomerular capillary
2) fused basement membrane
3) filtration slits between the pedicels of the podocytes

44
Q

what happens after filtration?

A
  • not everything that is filtered is excreted
  • some filtrate is absorbed
  • some of what wasn’t filtered is secreted into
45
Q

what is urine in terms of filtration?

A

urine = filtered - reabsorbed + secreted

46
Q

what is the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)?

A

the bulk reabsorption site

47
Q

where is the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) located?

A

located in the cortex surrounded by peritubular capillaries

48
Q

what are the 5 components that make up the structure of the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)?

A
  • cuboidal epithelial cells
  • dense microvilli (brush border) on the luminal membrane
  • highly folded basolateral membrane
  • many mitochondria for active transport
  • leaky epithelium
49
Q

where does the nephron loop always loop down into?

A

loops down into the medulla

50
Q

what is the relationship between length of the nephron loop and urine?

A

length is important in the production of dilute/concentrated urine

51
Q

what is the nephron loop surrounded by?

A

surrounded by vasa recta (juxtamedullary nephrons only)

52
Q

what are the 4 parts of the structure of the nephron loop?

A

1) thick descending limb
- like the proximal convoluted tube
2) thin descending limb
- composed of simple squamous epithelium
3) thin ascending limb
- composed of simple squamous epithelium
4) thick ascending limb
- like the distal convoluted tube

53
Q

what are the thin descending limb and the thin ascending limb made up of?

A

simple squamous epithelium

54
Q

what is the relationship between different areas of the nephron loop and permeability?

A

different areas have different permeabilises to water and sodium

55
Q

what is the function of the distal convoluted tube (DCT)?

A

fine tuning

56
Q

what is the distal convoluted tube (DCT) composed of?

A

cuboidal epithelium but thinner layer than in the proximal convoluted tube (PCT)

57
Q

what are the 3 structures that make up the distal convoluted tube (DCT)?

A

1) no bush order because of few microvilli
2) fewer mitochondria
3) reabsorption regulated mailing by aldosterone

58
Q

what occurs at the collecting duct?

A

receive filtrate from several distal convoluted tubes (DCTs) that drain into one collecting duct which empty at a papilla

59
Q

what is the function of a collecting duct?

A

fine tuning

60
Q

what 3 structures is the collecting duct made up of?

A

1) wall of simple cuboidal epithelium
2) principal cells for absorption
3) intercalated cells for acid/base balance

61
Q

what is the function of principal cells?

A

reabsorption

62
Q

what is the function of intercalated cells?

A

acid/base balance

63
Q

what is reabsorption regulated by in the collecting duct?

A

regulated by antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and aldosterone

64
Q

what is the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)?

A

specialised zone in every nephron

65
Q

where is the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) located?

A

located where the distal convoluted tube (DCT) lies against the afferent arteriole

66
Q

what are the macula densa cells

A

chemoreceptors in the distal convoluted tube (DCT) that detect sodium levels

67
Q

what are juxtaglomerular cells?

A

mechanoreceptors in the afferent arteriole that detect blood pressure through stretch

68
Q

what are mechanoreceptors?

A

stretch receptors that detect blood pressure

69
Q

what is the function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)?

A

controls glomerular filtration rate ensuring that system is working at full capacity and stabilises blood pressure

70
Q

what term is used when passing through the nephron?

A

filtrate

71
Q

what term is used when passing through the kidney?

A

urine

72
Q

what are the cells that form the visceral layer of the glomerular capsule called?

A

podocytes

73
Q

what are the cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) on the afferent arteriole called?

A

juxtaglomerular

74
Q

what type of epithelial cells would you find in nephron loop?

A

cuboidal with microvilli brush border at part closest to the proximal convoluted tube (PCT), simple squamous, cuboidal with few microvilli at part closest to distal convoluted tube (DCT)

75
Q

what are the 2 capillary beds associated with the nephron?

A

glomerular and peritubular

76
Q

which type of nephron is important for the production of concentrated urine?

A

juxtamedullary

HUBS192 Lectures 1-38 (38 decks)

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