HUBS192 Lecture 36 - Female Reproductive System I Flashcards
how many sperm are produced from one primary spermatocyte?
4 sperm (from the daughter cells)
which accessory gland contributes the most to seminal fluid in terms of volume?
seminal vesicles make up 60%
what is the specific name of the process by which spermatids become spermatozoa?
spermiogenesis
what are the 4 functions of the female reproductive system?
1) to produce oocytes (female gamete)
2) transport ova and spermatozoa to the appropriate site for fertilisation
3) provides a site for the developing embryo and fetus to grow (protection and nourishment)
4) delivery of fetus
why is the female reproductive system complex unlike the male reproductive system?
complex unlike males as females under go cycles of change through the menstrual cycle
where is the female peritoneum located?
region inferior to the pelvic floor/pelvic diaphragm and between the upper region of the thighs
what does the urogenital triangle include?
the external genitalia which is the vulva, opening of the urethra and the vagina
what does the anal triangle include?
the anus
what is the vulva also known as?
the pudendum
what is the mons pubis?
area in front of the pubic symphysis
what is the labia?
2 lip-like structures
what is the labia majora?
outermost labia that is larger and more lateral
what is the labia minora?
innermost labia that is smaller and more medial
what is the vestibule of the vagina?
space between associated with the vagina
what is the function of the vestibule of the vagina?
to close over and project the vaginal opening
where are the vestibular glands located?
located deep to the labia
what is the function of the vestibular glands
to lubricate the vaginal orifice (opening)
where does the labia minora spread around?
spreads around the vagina and the urethral (meatus) openings
what is the clitoris?
complex erectile organ
what are the 2 types of vestibular glands?
1) lesser vestibular glands
2) greater vestibular glands
where does pubic hair grow?
over the mons pubis and over the lateral surface of the labia majora
where do the lesser vestibular glands open into?
open into the vestibule around the openings of the urethra
what is the function of the lesser vestibular gland secretions?
secretions help lubricate the vestibule and keep it moist on a day to day basis
where are the greater vestibular glands located?
located deep to the labia with two small hole openings
what is the function of the greater vestibular gland secretions?
secrete when a female aroused that lubricates the vestibule and the lower part of the vagina
what are the greater vestibular glands developed homologous with?
developed homologous to the bulbourethral glands
what are the 4 components of the clitoris?
1) glans
2) body
3) crura x2
4) bulbs x2
what is the clitoris developed homologous with?
developed homologous to the penis
does the urethra pass through the clitoris?
no the urethra does not pass through the clitoris it has a as seperate opening
where do the erectile tissues sit?
sit deep to the labia minora
what is the relationship between the urethra and the vagina in terms of females compared to males?
urethra and vagina have seperate openings in females
fill in the blank:
the perineum is divided into 2 regions known as the ____ and ____ triangles
urogenital
anal
fill in the blank:
the ____ triangle contains the female external genitalia, which is collectively known as the ____
urogenital
vulva
fill in the blank:
the vulva incorporates the mons pubis, labia minora and ____, vestibule, _____ glands and the clitoris
labia majora
vestibular
what are the 5 structure that compose the female reproductive tract?
1) ovary
2) uterine tubes
3) uterus
4) cervix
5) vagina
what is the ovary?
the female gonad where oogenesis (production of oocytes) takes place
what are the 3 parts of the uterine tubes?
1) lateral is the infundibulum
2) ampulla
3) isthmus (closest to the uterus)
what is another name for the uterine tubes?
the Fallopian tubes
what is the infundibulum composed of?
finger-like projections
what is the function of the finger-like projections of the infundibulum?
help to collect up the ovulated oocyte into the reproductive tract
what is the most common site of fertilisation?
the ampulla
what is the isthmus?
where the uterine tube narrows into the uterus
what are the 3 regions of the uterus?
the body of the uterus including the fundus and the cervix
what does the fundus of the uterus contain?
contains thick muscular tissue where the main contractions occur that to help birth a fetus
what is the myometrium of the uterus lined with?
lined with a layer of tissue called the endometrium
what occurs at the endometrium?
endometrium tissue is where all the changes associated with the menstrual cycle take place - grows, develops, breaks down and bleeds
what occurs at the endometrium?
endometrium tissue is where all the changes associated with the menstrual cycle take place - grows, develops, breaks down and bleeds
what is the key function of the cervix?
to protect the uterus in the upper reproductive tract against infection and regulates the movement of sperm up into the uterus
what is the copulatory organ of the female reproductive tract?
the vagina
where is the cervix located?
protrudes into the top of the vagina
what does the cervix produce?
mucus that is hostile towards spermatozoa
what tissues lines the uterus?
endometrium
what are the ligaments that help to support the tissues of the reproductive tract?
1) ovarian ligament
2) suspensory ligament
3) round ligament
4) broad ligament
what is the broad ligament?
sheets of peritoneum that folds over the the reproductive tract (including the ovarian ligament, suspensory ligament and round ligament)
what is the infundibulum? (in terms of shape and structure)
funnel shaped portion with finger like projections called fimbriae
what is the ampulla?
the dilated area where fertilisation occurs (normally)
what do oocytes implant as?
implant as a blastocyst
where is the uterus located?
posterior to the bladder but anterior to the rectum
what are the 2 functions of the uterus in terms of a fetus?
1) allows interaction with the fetal membrane to allow the fetus to develop
2) can stretch and grow to develop a fetus
what is the colloquial term for the uterus?
the womb
what are the 3 layers of the uterus? (from inner to outer)
1) endometrium (inner layer)
2) myometrium (middle layer)
3) perimetrium (outer layer)
what layer surrounds the uterus?
the perimetrium layer (the outer layer)
what is the myometrium (middle layer) of the uterus made up of?
made up of smooth muscle
what layer makes up the majority of the uterus?
the myometrium (middle layer)
what 3 things compose the endometrium?
1) columnar epithelium
2) uterine glands
3) arteries
what are the 2 parts of the endometrium (inner layer) of the uterus?
1) top part
2) bottom part
what is the top part of the endometrium (inner layer) of the uterus?
the functional layer that does all the changing throughout the menstrual cycle
what is the bottom layer of the endometrium (inner layer) of the uterus?
the basal layer
what are both parts of the endometrium (inner layer) lined with?
both parts lined with columnar epithelium
where does the cervix protrude into?
protrudes into the vagina
what does the cervical canal provide?
provides a passage between the uterine cavity and the vagina
what are the 3 regions of the cervix?
1) external os
2) cervical canal
3) interna os
what is the external os of the cervix?
the opening into the vagina
what is the internal os of the cervix?
opening into the internal uterus
what does the cervix produce?
produces cervical mucus
what are the 2 functions of the cervix?
1) regulates sperm transport
2) provides protection
what is the relationship between cervical mucus and ovulation?
cervical mucus becomes more watery and thinner during ovulation to allow sperm to move up into the reproductive tract
what is the vagina?
a fibromuscular, distensible female copulatory organ
what is the dual function of the vagina?
1) female copulatory organ
2) part of the birth canal
where is the vagina located?
lies between the urinary bladder and rectum
where does the vagina extend from?
extends from the perineum to the cervix
where is sperm ejaculated?
ejaculated up through the upper regions of the vagina
where is the complex blood supply to the female reproductive tract from?
from direct branches off the abdominal aorta and internal iliac arteries that are often connected
what is the blood supply to the ovaries from?
from the ovarian arteries
where is the blood supply from the uterus from?
from the uterine artery (spiral arteries)
where is the blood supply from the vagina from?
from the vaginal artery
what are the uterine and vaginal artery branches off of?
internal iliac artery branches
what are the ovarian arteries branches off of?
abdominal aorta branches
what are the main source of blood loss during menstration?
spiral (coiled) arteries are the main source of blood loss
fill in the blank:
the uterus consists of the body (with _____) and the cervix
fundus
what is the ovary? (in terms of structures)
bilateral structures
where are the ovaries located?
lateral and posterior to the uterus on the lateral portion of the true pelvic cavity
what are tertiary follicles largely filled with?
largely filled with water
what collects the oocyte?
fimbriae come in and collect the oocyte
what are the 2 regions that compose the ovaries?
- the outer cortex (follicles)
- the inner medulla (connective tissue, blood/lymphatic vessels and nerves)
what composes the outer cortex of the ovaries?
follicles
what 3 things composes the inner medulla of the ovaries?
1) connective tissue
2) blood/lymphatic vessels
3) nerves
what are the ovaries the site of?
site of oogenesis and hormone production
what does the corpus lutem regress to form?
regresses to form the corpus albicans
what produces the hormones in the ovaries?
follicular cells
what hormone is produced by the corpus lutem?
progesterone hormone is produced by the corpus lutem
what are the 3 broad ligaments?
1) mesometrium
2) mesosalpinx
3) mesovarium
what is the mesometrium ligament?
where the sheets come up and over the uterus
what is the mesosalpinx?
where the sheets come up and over the uterine tubes
what is the mesovarium?
where the sheets come up and over the ovary
what is a reproductive tract ligament?
folds of connective tissue or a broad layer of peritoneum
what is the vesicouterine pouch?
continuous fold of broad ligament (visceral peritoneum) over the anteriorly located bladder
what is the rectouterine pouch?
continuous fold of broad ligament (visceral peritoneum) over the posteriorly located rectum
what is the function of the breasts?
to nourish infants in the form of milk production
what muscles do the breasts lie on?
lie on the pectorals major muscles
what 2 hormones stimulate the development of breast tissue?
1) estradiol
2) progesterone
what is the milk drainage pathway through the breasts?
lobes –> lobules –> alveoli –> lactiferous ducts –> lactiferous sinuses that open at nipple pores
what supports the glands in the breasts?
suspensory ligaments support the glands
what gives breasts variation in shapes and sizes?
variation of adipose tissue
what are the 3 functions of the female reproductive structures that are held in place by a complicated network of ligaments?
1) anchor and support
2) have vasculature and nerves running through them
3) form important anatomical boundaries (i.e pouches)
