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HUBS192 Lectures 1-38 > HUBS192 Lecture 37 - Female Reproductive System II > Flashcards

HUBS192 Lecture 37 - Female Reproductive System II Flashcards

1
Q

what are the layers of the uterine wall from outermost to innermost?

A

1) perimetrium
2) myometrium
3) endometrium

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2
Q

what layer of the uterine wall is shed during menstruation?

A

endometrium layer

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3
Q

which artery associated with the female reproductive tract branches directly off the abdominal aorta?

A

the ovarian artery

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4
Q

which ligament does the ovarian artery run through?

A

runs thought the suspensory ligament

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5
Q

what is the name of the fingerlike projections on the infundibulum?

A

fimbriae

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6
Q

what is oogenesis?

A

formation and development of the oocyte (female gamete) from oogonia

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7
Q

what does oogenesis require to occur?

A

requires mitosis and meiosis

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8
Q

when is the lifetime supply of gametes produced?

A

lifetime supply of gametes produced before birth

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9
Q

when is oogenesis initiated?

A

initiated before birth

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10
Q

when does oogenesis continue between?

A

continues between puberty and menopause

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11
Q

what is the pattern of oogenesis?

A

cyclic

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12
Q

what is the average number of days for 1 ovulation?

A

1 ovulation every 28 days on average

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13
Q

where do oocytes develop?

A

develop within the ovarian follicles

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14
Q

how many oocytes develop per follicle?

A

1 oocyte develops per follicle

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15
Q

when do follicles grow and mature?

A

follicles grow and mature prior to ovulation

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16
Q

what is the relationship between a developing oocyte and a developing follicle?

A

follicles develop at the same time as the developing oocyte

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17
Q

what does the follicle differentiate into?

A

goes on to differentiate and form the corpus lutem

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18
Q

how many ovum will you end up with at the end of oogenesis?

A

only ever end up with 1 ovum

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19
Q

what is an oogonium?

A

an immature diploid female reproductive cell that gives rise to primary oocytes by mitosis

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20
Q

how does the population of oogonia increase?

A

increase by mitosis

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21
Q

what do oogonia differentiate to form?

A

differentiate to form primary oocytes that are diploid (2n = 46)

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22
Q

what are primary oocytes encased in?

A

encased in primordial follicles

-one primordial follicle per encases one primary oocyte

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23
Q

what do many primary oocytes undergo?

A

many primary oocytes undergo atresia

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24
Q

how many primary oocytes is a female born with?

A

around 700,000

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25
Q

what number will the primary oocytes decease to by puberty?

A

around 300,000

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26
Q

what are primary oocytes surrounded by?

A

surrounded by the first layer of follicular cells

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27
Q

when do primary oocytes start developing?

A

start in meiosis

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28
Q

what stage of meiosis does primary oocytes halt and when? (in terms of age)

A

meiosis halts at prophase I and halts until puberty begins

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29
Q

what is menarche?

A

the first menstrual cycle

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30
Q

under what hormonal influence are a small number of follicles recruited for each ovarian/menstrual cycle?

A

under the influence of GnRH

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31
Q

what is a primary oocyte?

A

the only 1 oocyte that has completed development and ovulation with the dominant follicle

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32
Q

what does the primary oocyte complete in terms of meiosis?

A

primary oocyte complete meiosis I

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33
Q

what does the primary oocyte form after the completion of meiosis I?

A

forms a secondary oocyte and the 1st polar body

-both haploid (n=23)

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34
Q

what is the 1st polar body?

A

the uneven genetic division of cytoplasm that results in 1 of the 2 daughter cell containing more cytoplasm than its counterpart

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35
Q

does the primary or the secondary oocyte start meiosis II?

A

the secondary oocyte starts meiosis II

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36
Q

when does the secondary oocyte halt in meiosis?

A

halts at metaphase II

37
Q

why does the secondary oocyte halt at metaphase II?

A

suspends until fertilisation

38
Q

when does meiosis II resume?

A

resumes when the sperm penetrates the plasma membrane of the ovum at fertilisation

39
Q

what will happen to the secondary oocyte if it is not fertilised?

A

if not fertilised, the secondary oocyte will degenerate (atresia) and therefore will never complete meiosis

40
Q

what happens to unfertilised oocytes?

A

unfertilised oocytes undergo atresia and degenerate

41
Q

what is a fertilised ova?

A

a zygote

42
Q

is a fertilised ova (zygote) haploid or diploid?

A

diploid, 2n=46

43
Q

what does a primary oocyte form?

A

forms a secondary oocyte and a polar body

44
Q

what is a primordial follicle?

A

a follicle that encloses that each primary oocyte

45
Q

what is the the relationship between different types of follicles and oocytes?

A

even tertiary follicles will still contain a primary oocyte

46
Q

what are the 2 cells that compose the multilayered follicles?

A

1) granulosa cells

2) theca cells

47
Q

what do granulosa cells produce?

A

produce estradiol

48
Q

what are the 6 female reproductive hormones?

A

1) GnRH (Gonadotrophin Releasing Hormone)
2) FSH (Follicle Stimulation Hormone)
3) LH (Luteinising Hormone)
4) Estradiol (an estrogen)
5) Inhibin
6) Progesterone

49
Q

where is GnRH (gonadotrophin releasing hormone) produced in?

A

produced in the hypothalamus

50
Q

where is FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) produced in?

A

in the anterior pituitary

51
Q

where is LH (luteinizing hormone) produced in?

A

produced in the anterior pituitary

52
Q

where is estradiol (an estrogen) and inhibin produced in?

A

produced in the ovary in the follicles

53
Q

where is inhibin, progesterone and estradiol (an estrogen) produced in?

A

produced in the ovary in the corpus luteum

54
Q

what hormone does the hypothalamus produce?

A

GnRH (gonadotrophin releasing hormone)

55
Q

what hormones does the anterior pituitary produce?

A

FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)

LH (luteinizing hormone)

56
Q

what hormones does the ovary follicles produce?

A

estradiol (an estrogen)

inhibin

57
Q

what hormones does the ovary corpus luteum produce?

A

inhibin
progesterone
estradiol (an estrogen)

58
Q

what is estrogen?

A

a group of steroid hormones

59
Q

what is estradiol an example of?

A

an example of a single hormone

60
Q

what is the effect of GnRH released from the hypothalamus?

A

releases FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) and LH (lutenizing hormone)

61
Q

what is the effect of FSH released from the anterior pituitary?

A

stimulates the growth of ovarian follicles

62
Q

what is the effect of LH released from the anterior pituitary?

A
  • surge of LH involved in ovulation

- formation of corpus luteum

63
Q

what is the effect of estradiol released from the developing follicles?

A
  • assists in follicle growth with FSH
  • bone and muscle growth
  • endometrial growth
  • secondary sex characteristics
  • feedback to the anterior pituitary
64
Q

what is the effect of inhibin released from the granulosa cells?

A

negative feedback tot he anterior pituitary to suppress FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)

65
Q

what is the effect of inhibin released from the corpus luteum?

A
  • negatively feeds back to suppress GnRH therefore LH and FSH
  • endometrial maturation by preparing the endometrium for implantation
  • maintains pregnant state
66
Q

what are ovarian/menstrual cycles?

A

the regular cyclic changes in the ovary and uterus that prepare an oocyte/ova for fertilisation and the endometrium for embryo implantation

67
Q

what is menarche?

A

the first menstrual period

68
Q

when does menarche occur?

A

occurs at age 12-13 years old on average

69
Q

what is menarche orchestrated by?

A

orchestrated by increase in sex steroid production (estrogen’s) by the gonads

70
Q

what is menopause?

A

the cessation of menstruation

71
Q

when does menopause typically occur?

A

typically occurs in the early 50s

72
Q

why does menopause occur?

A

because of the reduction of estradiol and progesterone due to the absense of or lack of response by follicles

73
Q

what is no longer active during menopause? (in terms of regulation)

A

anterior pituitary feedback is no longer active leading to high levels of FSH and LH

74
Q

what does menopause cause a reduction of?

A

reduction in primordial oocytes

75
Q

what occurs in the follicular (preovulatory) phase from days 1 to 14?

A
  • increased FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) from the anterior pituitary stimulate follicular growth
  • growing follicles secrete estradiol and inhibin and this reduces FSH from the anterior pituitary and through negative feedback and growing follicles undergo atresia except the dominant follicle
  • dominant follicle secretes large amounts of estradiol
  • high estradiol stimulates surge of LH through positive feedback
  • follicle ruptures and ovulation occurs as the oocyte entering the peritoneal space and is collected in the uterine tube
76
Q

is the surge of LH controlled by negative or positive feedback?

A

positive feedback

77
Q

what occurs in the luteal (postovulatory) phase from days 15 to 28?

A

-ovulated follicle collapses and forms the corpus luteum which secretes progesterone, estradiol and inhibin which decrease the FSH and LH secretion by negative feedback from the
hypothalamus

78
Q

what happens if fertilisation and implantation does not occur in the luteal (postovulatory) phase from days 15-28?

A

if fertilisation and implantation does not occur then the corpus luteum involutes (luteolysis) this causes a fall in progesterone and estradiol removing the negative feedback on FSH and LH
-starting the cycle again

79
Q

how many days is the menstrual and proliferative phase of the menstrual (endometrial) cycle?

A

days 1 to 14

80
Q

how many days is the secretory (and premenstrual) phase of the menstrual (endometrial) cycle?

A

days 15 to 28

81
Q

what occurs in the menstrual and proliferative phase of the menstrual (endometrial) cycle?

A
  • endometrium breaks down and bleeds during menstruation
  • estradiol stimulates endometrial growth from approx. days 6-14
  • rapid tissue growth, including growth of glands and vasculature
82
Q

what happens to the levels of progesterone during the menstrual and proliferative phase?

A

levels of progesterone decrease because of the corpus luteum breaking down

83
Q

what occurs in the secretory phase of the menstrual (endometrial) cycle?

A
  • after ovulation at day 14 the corpus luteum secretes progesterone and progesterone promotes endometrial maturation
  • glands become secretory
  • spiral arteries grow and coil
84
Q

what becomes the dominant hormone in the secretory phase of the menstrual (endometrial) cycle?

A

progesterone

85
Q

what happens if fertilisation and implantation does not occur in the secretory phase of the menstrual (endometrial) cycle?

A
  • corpus luteum atrophies
  • progesterone levels fall
  • spiral arteries contract
  • endometrial tissue breaks down and bleeding occurs
  • shed tissue and blood removed via cervix and vagina (menstruation/menses)
86
Q

fill in the blank:

ovarian/menstrual cycles occur between _____ and menopause

A

menarchy

87
Q

fill in the blank:
a cohort of follicles begin to grow in response to signals from the _____ and pituitary - all but one of these follicles will undergo atresia

A

hypothalamus

88
Q

fill in the blank:
secretion of large amounts of estradiol by the ____ follicle will cause the ____ ____ and subsequently ovulation and formation of the corpus luteum

A

dominant

LH surge

89
Q

fill in the blank:
the endometrium undergoes cyclic periods of growth, maturation and breakdown in response to cyclic patterns in _____ and _____

A

estradiol

progesterone

HUBS192 Lectures 1-38 (38 decks)

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