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HUBS192 Lectures 1-38 > HUBS192 Lecture 16 - Respiratory System III: Anatomy of the Thorax & Breathing (Ventilation) > Flashcards

HUBS192 Lecture 16 - Respiratory System III: Anatomy of the Thorax & Breathing (Ventilation) Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 2 body cavities of the trunk?

A

1) thoracic cavity

2) abdominopelvic cavity

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2
Q

where is the thoracic cavity located?

A

part above the diaphragm that sits at the base of the ribcage

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3
Q

what are all body cavities lined with?

A

lined with a serous membrane (a double layer of secretory tissue with fluid between layers)

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4
Q

what is a serous membrane?

A

a double layer of secretory tissue with fluid between layers that provides frictionless movement

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5
Q

what are the 2 layers of the serous membrane?

A

1) visceral layer on the organ

2) parietal layer on the body wall

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6
Q

what are the 2 membranes found within the thoracic cavity that provide frictionless movement other than the serous membranes?

A

1) pericardium

2) pleura

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7
Q

what is the pleura?

A

the membrane that surrounds the lungs to allow the lungs to move frictionlessly when they expand

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8
Q

what is the membrane found in the abdominopelvic cavity that provides frictionless movement other than the serous membranes?

A

1) peritoneum

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9
Q

why is there 2 pleural cavities?

A

1 for each of the lungs

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10
Q

what are the bony structures that form the thoracic cavity?

A
  • mediastinum (where the heart, vessels and pericardium are found)
  • pleural cavities
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11
Q

what is found within the mediastinum?

A

where the heart, vessels and pericardium are found

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12
Q

what is the function of the thoracic cage?

A

bony structures that provide protection but also have the ability to move

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13
Q

what are the 5 boundaries of the sternum?

A

1) anterior: sternum
2) posterior: thoracic vertebrae (12 thoracic vertebrae)
3) lateral: ribs (links the sternum and the thoracic vertebrae)
4) superior: base of the neck
5) inferior: diaphragm

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14
Q

what is the majority of the thoracic cavity taken up by?

A

taken up by the lungs

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15
Q

what is the hilum of the lung?

A

where blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics go out

- but more importantly where the primary bronchi vessels enter

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16
Q

what 3 layers compose the pleural cavities (from superficial to deep)?

A

1) pleural cavity
2) parietal pleura (sits against the thoracic wall= frictionless movement)
3) visceral pleura (sits against the lungs)

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17
Q

what is the advantage of having 2 pleural cavities?

A

lungs are seperate so if one stops functioning, you have another

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18
Q

what is ventilation driven by?

A

ventilation is driven by pressure changes in the thoracic cavity

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19
Q

what is the relationship between pressure and volume?

A

pressure is inversely proportional to volume so if we change the volume of the thorax, we can change the pressure

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20
Q

what occurs to lungs in terms of volume during inhalation and expiration?

A

1) inhalation = volume increases

2) expiration = volume decreases

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21
Q

what is equation for Boyles law?

A

P = 1/V

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22
Q

what is pressure measured by?

A

collisions

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23
Q

what happens to pressure in a smaller space?

A

smaller space = more collisions = increased pressure

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24
Q

what happens to pressure in a larger space?

A

larger space = less collisions = decreased pressure

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25
Q

what is the relationship between the place where air will always move and pressure?

A

air will always move to the place with lower pressure

26
Q

what is the pressure gradient established by breathing to make air move: between breaths, increasing volume and decreasing volume?

A

1) between breaths the pressure inside cavity is equal to the pressure outside the cavity, no gradient
2) increased volume (therefore a decrease in pressure), air will flow in
3) decreased volume (therefore an increase in pressure), air will flow out

27
Q

what is costal (hyaline) cartilage?

A

extensions of cartilage from the ribs as the bony structures do not fully attach
-links the ribs to the sternum

28
Q

how are the ribs attached to the costal cartilage?

A

by costochondral cartilage joints (between the rib and the cartilage)
- provides very little movement

29
Q

what are the sternocostal joints (anterior thoracic cavity)?

A

joint between the sternum and the ribs

  • there are 7 sternocostal joints on each side and
  • numbers 2-7 are synovial joints (allow a lot of movement)
  • number 1 is a cartilaginous joint
30
Q

what are interchondral joints (anterior thoracic cavity)?

A

the joints between the ribs at the bottom of the ribcage that attach to the cartilage of neighbouring ribs

  • joints between the cartilage
  • synovial joints (very moveable)
31
Q

what is the main joint type on the anterior and posterior side of the ribcage?

A

synovial joints

32
Q

what is the relationship between thoracic vertebrae and ribs on the posterior side of the thoracic cavity?

A

the thoracic vertebrae and ribs both articulate though synovial joints
- each rib has 2 articulation points with the vertebrae

33
Q

what is the first articulation between the ribs and the vertebrae?

A

the costotransverse joint that is between the rib and the transverse process of vertebrae

34
Q

what is the costovertebral joint?

A

joint between the rib and the body of the vertebrae

35
Q

why are most of the joints in the thoracic cavity synovial?

A

so that the ribcage can be lifted up to allow an increase in volume

36
Q

what is the name of the law that describes the relationship between pressure and volume of a gas?

A

Boyle’s law

37
Q

which of the thoracic joints are not synovial joints?

A

costochondral and first sternocostal joint

38
Q

what is the function of the muscles of respiration?

A

respiratory muscles move the rib cage to allow us to breathe (increase in volume)

39
Q

what are the primary inhalation muscles?

A

1) diaphragm

2) intercostals (2 layers)

40
Q

what are 2 the functions of accessory muscles?

A

1) increase cavity volume for forced inspiration (inhalation) by contraction
2) decrease cavity volume for forced expiration

41
Q

what is the diaphragm?

A

a sheet of skeletal muscle that separates the thoracic cavity (thorax) from the abdominal cavity (abdomen)

42
Q

how does the shape of the diaphragm change from relaxation to contraction?

A
  • dome-shaped when relaxed

- flattens when contracted

43
Q

what is the effect of contracting the diaphragm?

A

contraction expands the thoracic cavity and compresses the abdominopelvic cavity

44
Q

where do the intercostal muscles attach?

A

attach diagonally between neighbouring ribs (sit between the ribs)

45
Q

what are the 2 functions of the external intercostal muscles?

A

1) the external intercostals run diagonal therefore during contraction they lift the ribcage upwards expanding the cavity
2) inspiration (inhalation): quiet and forced breathing

46
Q

what are the 2 functions of the internal intercostal muscles?

A

1) run the opposite direction from the external intercostals therefore during contraction they pull the ribs closer together and downwards, bring the ribcage inwards
2) expiration: forced breathing only

47
Q

what is quiet breathing?

A

breathing under unconscious thought

48
Q

what is forced breathing?

A

breathing under physical activity that requires more air than quiet breathing therefore forcing the use of more air

49
Q

what are the accessory muscles? (not their names)

A

several muscles that attach to the thoracic cage that are only activated when required

50
Q

what happens during normal or ‘quiet’ inhalation (inspiration)?

A
  • diaphragm contracts = flattened shape

- external intercostals contract = lifts the ribs

51
Q

what happens during active or ‘forced’ inhalation (inspiration)?

A
  • diaphragm contracts = flattened shape
  • external intercostals contract = lifts the ribs
  • accessory muscles contract to further expand the thoracic cavity
52
Q

what happens during normal or ‘quiet’ expiration?

A
  • passive process
  • diaphragm relaxes = dome shaped
  • external intercostals relax = ribs no longer lifted
53
Q

what happens during active or ‘forced’ expiration?

A
  • passive process
  • diaphragm relaxes = dome shaped
  • external intercostals relax = ribs no longer lifted
  • internal intercostals contract = depress ribs (pull in closer)
  • accessory muscles contract to further decrease cavity volume
54
Q

how do the lungs expand as the cavity does?

A

lung tissue is elastic and always trying to recoil (become as small as possible) therefore the pleura make the lungs ‘stick’ to the thoracic wall

55
Q

when do the lungs expand?

A

expand during inspiration (inhalation)

56
Q

when do the lungs become smaller?

A

decrease during expiration

57
Q

what are the 2 functions of pleural fluid?

A

1) provides a slippery surface for frictionless movement against other structures
2) fluid bond causes lungs to ‘stick’ to thoracic wall

58
Q

how does thoracic wall movement result in lung movement?

A

increase in volume of the thorax –> increase volume of the lung –> decrease pressure in the lung –> air flows in

59
Q

what are the muscles involved in needing to take an active or ‘forced’ breath in?

A

diaphragm, external intercostals and accessory muscles contract to increase thoracic cavity volume as much as possible

60
Q

what are the muscles involved in needing to take an active or ‘forced’ breath out?

A

internal intercostals and accessory muscles contact (and the diaphragm relaxes) decrease thoracic cavity volume as much as possible to force air out

HUBS192 Lectures 1-38 (38 decks)

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