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HUBS192 Lectures 1-38 > HUBS192 Lecture 35 - Male Reproductive System II > Flashcards

HUBS192 Lecture 35 - Male Reproductive System II Flashcards

1
Q

what prevents sperm from ending up in the bladder during ejaculation?

A

the internal sphincter closes over the bladder during ejaculation

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2
Q

what are the 3 regions of the epididymis?

A

1) head
2) body
3) tail

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3
Q

where would you find a spermatogonia?

A

found within the semi nephronus tubules close to the basement membrane

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4
Q

what are the 2 accessory structures f the male reproductive system?

A

1) penis

2) scrotum

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5
Q

what are the 2 testes separated by?

A

separated by a fibrous septum

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6
Q

what are the 2 epididymides associated with?

A

associated with the posterior border of the testes

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7
Q

where do the 2 spermatic cords (with part of the ducts deferens) run through?

A

run through the testes and up through the enginal canal

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8
Q

what 3 things does the scrotum contain?

A

1) ductus deferens
2) epididymis
3) testes

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9
Q

where are the testes housed?

A

housed testes away from the body

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10
Q

why are the testes housed away from the body?

A

to maintain temperature at 34 degrees because the optimal temp for spermatogenesis is colder than body temp (37) therefore located outside of the abdominal cavity makes it easier to adjust temp

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11
Q

what is the optimal temperature for spermatogenesis?

A

34 degrees

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12
Q

what muscle is the scrotum lined with?

A

dartos muscle

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13
Q

what is the function of the dartos muscle lining the scrotum?

A

has the ability to wrinkle and un-wrinkle and this changes the surface area of the scrotum depending on need

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14
Q

what is the function of the cremaster muscle?

A

contracts for heat conservation

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15
Q

what are the 2 functions of the contraction of the cremaster muscle for heat conservation?

A

1) contraction draws the testes up and closer to the body to help with heat conservation
2) draws the testes closer to the body for arousal providing a protection mechanism for coitus

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16
Q

what does the spermatic cord consist of?

A

two spermatic cords that contain

  • ductus deferens
  • blood vessels: testicular arteries and veins
  • nerves
  • lymphatics
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17
Q

where are both spermatic cords located?

A

both spermatic cords are located within the scrotum

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18
Q

where do the spermatic cords run between?

A

runs between the abdomen and the testes

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19
Q

what do the testicular veins form?

A

veins form a plexus around the artery

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20
Q

what is the function of the vein plexus formed around the arteries?

A

provides an increased surface area for heat transfer between the warmer blood from the testicular arteries and the colder blood going up to the body from the testicular veins

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21
Q

what are the dual functions of the penis?

A

1) urination

2) copulation

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22
Q

what type of organ is the penis?

A

cylindrical organ

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23
Q

what 3 components make up the penis?

A

1) root (bulb)
2) body
3) glans covered by prepuce/foreskin

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24
Q

what is the root of the penis?

A

part that adheres to the body wall

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25
Q

what is the body of the penis?

A

moveable part

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26
Q

what 3 cylindrical erectile tissues does the penis contain?

A 
- 2 corpora cavernosa (plural)
corpus cavernosum (singular)
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27
Q

what is the corpora cavernosa?

A

the main erectile tissue

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28
Q

where are the 2 corpora cavernosa located?

A

on the dorsal aspect of the penis

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29
Q

what does the corpus spongiosum contain?

A

contains the urethra

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30
Q

what does the corpus spongiosum form?

A

forms the bulb and glans

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31
Q

where is the corpus spongiosum located?

A

on the ventral aspect of the penis

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32
Q

where does the corpus spongiosum start and widen ?

A

starts in the root and winds and extends to form the glans penis

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33
Q

why is there less erectile tissue in the corpus spongiosum?

A

because the corpus spongiosum contains the urethra therefore during ejaculation it eliminates the risk of urine exiting at the wrong time

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34
Q

fill in the blank:

the scrotum houses the testes outside the body to maintain temperature at ____‘C

A

34

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35
Q

what are the 2 muscles involved in temperature regulation?

A

1) dartos muscle

2) cremaster muscle

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36
Q

fill in the blank:
the spermatic cords contain the ductus deferens, and the ____, ____, and the ____ vessels and nerves that supply the testes

A

testicular artery, venous plexus and the lymphatic

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37
Q

fill in the blank:

the penis contains erectile tissues known as the corpora ___ and the corpus ____

A

cavernosa

spongiosum

38
Q

what is spermatozoa carried to the female reproductive tract in?

A

spermatozoa is carried to the female reproductive tract in seminal fluid

39
Q

what is semen?

A

seminal fluid + spermatozoa

40
Q

what are the 3 accessory glands that produce semen?

A

1) seminal vesicles
2) prostate gland
3) bulbourethral glands

41
Q

where is the seminal vesicles located?

A

located lateral to the ampulla

42
Q

where are the bulbourethral glands found?

A

found in the pelvic floor/pelvic diaphragm

43
Q

what are 4 functions of semen?

A

1) transport medium for sperm
2) nutrients provide protection against acidic conditions
3) energy source for sperm
4) activate the spermatozoa

44
Q

what are the 2 glands of the seminal vesicles and where are they located?

A

1) posterior to the bladder

2) lateral to the ampulla

45
Q

what do the seminal vesicles produce?

A

viscous secretion that makes up 60% of semen

46
Q

what is the relationship between alkaline pH and acidity in the urethra and vagina?

A

alkaline pH protects sperm against acidic environment in the urethra and vagina

47
Q

where is the prostate gland located?

A

inferior to bladder

48
Q

what does the prostate gland wrap around?

A

wraps around the prostatic urethra

49
Q

what does the prostate gland produce?

A

secretion that makes up 30% of semen

50
Q

what is the pH and appearance of the secretion from the prostate gland?

A

slightly acidic milky fluid

51
Q

what does the prostate gland secretion contain?

A

contains PSA (prostate-specific antigen)

52
Q

what 3 things does prostate gland secretion contribute to?

A

1) sperm activation
2) sperm viability
3) sperm motility

53
Q

what are the bulbourethral glands and where are they located?

A

two glands located in the urogenital diaphragm

54
Q

where do the bulbourethral glands open into?

A

open into the spongy/penile urethra

55
Q

how much to the bulbourethral glands contribute to semen volume?

A

contributes 5% of semen volume

56
Q

what are the function of bulbourethral glands?

A

secretions lubricate and neutralise acidity in the urethra prior to ejalculation

57
Q

when are the secretions of bulbourethral glands released?

A

released prior to ejaculation to protect against residual acidity

58
Q

what are the components of semen and what are the percentages of each?

A
  • 60% from seminal vesicles
  • 30% from prostate
  • 5% from bulbourethral glands
59
Q

what is a vasectomy?

A

surgical method of sterilisation in males where the ductus deferens in cut, tied or cauterised

60
Q

what is gametogenesis in males?

A

spermatogenesis

61
Q

what is gametogenesis in females?

A

oogenesis

62
Q

what is gametogenesis controlled by?

A

under hormonal control

63
Q

where does gametogenesis occur?

A

occurs via mitosis and meiosis

64
Q

what do cells need to be for gametogenesis to occur?

A

cells need to haploid (23 chromosomes)

65
Q

what happens in meiosis I?

A

2 haploid cell produced from 1 original diploid cell

66
Q

what happens in meiosis II?

A

each cell produced from meiosis divides to produce 2 haploid cells with 23 chromosome cells

67
Q

what is spermatogenesis?

A

formation of the male gamete (spermatozoa) through the process by which spermatogonia and transformed to mature spermatozoa (sperm)

68
Q

when does spermatogenesis begin?

A

occurs continuously from puberty onwards

69
Q

where does spermatogenesis occur?

A

occurs in the seminiferous tubules

70
Q

what happens in spermatogenesis 1?

A
  • spermatogonia divide by mitosis into 2 diploid daughter cells (46 chromosomes)
  • 1 spermatogonium (type A) stays at the basement membrane of the seminiferous tubule
71
Q

what happens in spermatogenesis 2?

A
  • the second spermatogonia (type B) differentiates into a primary spermatocyte (diploid), which undergoes meiosis I
  • forms 2 haploid secondary spermatocytes (23 chromosomes)
72
Q

what happens in spermatogenesis 3?

A
  • undergo meiosis II to form haploid spermatids (23 chromosomes)
  • spermatids differentiate into spermatozoa with a head, body and tail via spermatogenesis
  • spermatozoa released into the lumen
73
Q

what is spermatozoon?

A

singular of spermatozoa

74
Q

what are the 3 reproductive hormones?

A

1) gonadotropin (GnRH)
2) luteinizing hormone (LH)
3) follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

75
Q

what does gonadotropin act on?

A

hormone that acts on the gonads

76
Q

what is GnRH?

A

gonadotropin releasing hormone

77
Q

where is GnRH produced?

A

produced by the hypothalamus

78
Q

where is LH (luteinising hormone) produced?

A

produced by the anterior pituitary

79
Q

where is FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) produced?

A

produced by the anterior pituitary

80
Q

what are the 2 hormones in males?

A

1) inhibin

2) testosterone

81
Q

what is inhibin important for?

A

important for negative feedback within the seminiferous tubules

82
Q

what is testosterone a type of?

A

type of androgen

83
Q

what is testosterone responsible for?

A

responsible for male characteristics

  • maturation of sex organs
  • spermatogenesis
  • secondary sex characteristics
  • libido
84
Q

what are the 2 secondary sex characteristics?

A
  • growth of hair

- deepening of the voice

85
Q

what does LH stimulate the production of?

A

LH stimulates the production testosterone from interstitial endocrine cells

86
Q

what 2 hormones control spermatogenesis?

A

1) FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone)

2) testosterone

87
Q

what does FSH stimulate the production of?

A

FSH stimulates inhibin production in nurse cells

88
Q

what does inhibin suppress?

A

suppresses FSH

89
Q

what does testosterone suppress?

A

suppresses LH and GnRH

90
Q

fill in the blank:

spermatogenesis is the maturation of ____ into spermatozoa (head, mid-piece, tail)

A

spermatid (round)

HUBS192 Lectures 1-38 (38 decks)

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