HUBS192 Lecture 35 - Male Reproductive System II

Question 1

what prevents sperm from ending up in the bladder during ejaculation?

Answer 1

the internal sphincter closes over the bladder during ejaculation

Question 2

what are the 3 regions of the epididymis?

Answer 2

1) head
2) body
3) tail

Question 3

where would you find a spermatogonia?

Answer 3

found within the semi nephronus tubules close to the basement membrane

Question 4

what are the 2 accessory structures f the male reproductive system?

Answer 4

1) penis

2) scrotum

Question 5

what are the 2 testes separated by?

Answer 5

separated by a fibrous septum

Question 6

what are the 2 epididymides associated with?

Answer 6

associated with the posterior border of the testes

Question 7

where do the 2 spermatic cords (with part of the ducts deferens) run through?

Answer 7

run through the testes and up through the enginal canal

Question 8

what 3 things does the scrotum contain?

Answer 8

1) ductus deferens
2) epididymis
3) testes

Question 9

where are the testes housed?

Answer 9

housed testes away from the body

Question 10

why are the testes housed away from the body?

Answer 10

to maintain temperature at 34 degrees because the optimal temp for spermatogenesis is colder than body temp (37) therefore located outside of the abdominal cavity makes it easier to adjust temp

Question 11

what is the optimal temperature for spermatogenesis?

Answer 11

34 degrees

Question 12

what muscle is the scrotum lined with?

Answer 12

dartos muscle

Question 13

what is the function of the dartos muscle lining the scrotum?

Answer 13

has the ability to wrinkle and un-wrinkle and this changes the surface area of the scrotum depending on need

Question 14

what is the function of the cremaster muscle?

Answer 14

contracts for heat conservation

Question 15

what are the 2 functions of the contraction of the cremaster muscle for heat conservation?

Answer 15

1) contraction draws the testes up and closer to the body to help with heat conservation
2) draws the testes closer to the body for arousal providing a protection mechanism for coitus

Question 16

what does the spermatic cord consist of?

Answer 16

two spermatic cords that contain

• ductus deferens
• blood vessels: testicular arteries and veins
• nerves
• lymphatics

Question 17

where are both spermatic cords located?

Answer 17

both spermatic cords are located within the scrotum

Question 18

where do the spermatic cords run between?

Answer 18

runs between the abdomen and the testes

Question 19

what do the testicular veins form?

Answer 19

veins form a plexus around the artery

Question 20

what is the function of the vein plexus formed around the arteries?

Answer 20

provides an increased surface area for heat transfer between the warmer blood from the testicular arteries and the colder blood going up to the body from the testicular veins

Question 21

what are the dual functions of the penis?

Answer 21

1) urination

2) copulation

Question 22

what type of organ is the penis?

Answer 22

cylindrical organ

Question 23

what 3 components make up the penis?

Answer 23

1) root (bulb)
2) body
3) glans covered by prepuce/foreskin

Question 24

what is the root of the penis?

Answer 24

part that adheres to the body wall

Question 25

what is the body of the penis?

Answer 25

moveable part

Question 26

what 3 cylindrical erectile tissues does the penis contain?

Answer 26

``` - 2 corpora cavernosa (plural) corpus cavernosum (singular) ```

Question 27

what is the corpora cavernosa?

Answer 27

the main erectile tissue

Question 28

where are the 2 corpora cavernosa located?

Answer 28

on the dorsal aspect of the penis

Question 29

what does the corpus spongiosum contain?

Answer 29

contains the urethra

Question 30

what does the corpus spongiosum form?

Answer 30

forms the bulb and glans

Question 31

where is the corpus spongiosum located?

Answer 31

on the ventral aspect of the penis

Question 32

where does the corpus spongiosum start and widen ?

Answer 32

starts in the root and winds and extends to form the glans penis

Question 33

why is there less erectile tissue in the corpus spongiosum?

Answer 33

because the corpus spongiosum contains the urethra therefore during ejaculation it eliminates the risk of urine exiting at the wrong time

Question 34

fill in the blank: | the scrotum houses the testes outside the body to maintain temperature at ____'C

Answer 34

34

Question 35

what are the 2 muscles involved in temperature regulation?

Answer 35

1) dartos muscle | 2) cremaster muscle

Question 36

fill in the blank: the spermatic cords contain the ductus deferens, and the ____, ____, and the ____ vessels and nerves that supply the testes

Answer 36

testicular artery, venous plexus and the lymphatic

Question 37

fill in the blank: | the penis contains erectile tissues known as the corpora ___ and the corpus ____

Answer 37

cavernosa | spongiosum

Question 38

what is spermatozoa carried to the female reproductive tract in?

Answer 38

spermatozoa is carried to the female reproductive tract in seminal fluid

Question 39

what is semen?

Answer 39

seminal fluid + spermatozoa

Question 40

what are the 3 accessory glands that produce semen?

Answer 40

1) seminal vesicles 2) prostate gland 3) bulbourethral glands

Question 41

where is the seminal vesicles located?

Answer 41

located lateral to the ampulla

Question 42

where are the bulbourethral glands found?

Answer 42

found in the pelvic floor/pelvic diaphragm

Question 43

what are 4 functions of semen?

Answer 43

1) transport medium for sperm 2) nutrients provide protection against acidic conditions 3) energy source for sperm 4) activate the spermatozoa

Question 44

what are the 2 glands of the seminal vesicles and where are they located?

Answer 44

1) posterior to the bladder | 2) lateral to the ampulla

Question 45

what do the seminal vesicles produce?

Answer 45

viscous secretion that makes up 60% of semen

Question 46

what is the relationship between alkaline pH and acidity in the urethra and vagina?

Answer 46

alkaline pH protects sperm against acidic environment in the urethra and vagina

Question 47

where is the prostate gland located?

Answer 47

inferior to bladder

Question 48

what does the prostate gland wrap around?

Answer 48

wraps around the prostatic urethra

Question 49

what does the prostate gland produce?

Answer 49

secretion that makes up 30% of semen

Question 50

what is the pH and appearance of the secretion from the prostate gland?

Answer 50

slightly acidic milky fluid

Question 51

what does the prostate gland secretion contain?

Answer 51

contains PSA (prostate-specific antigen)

Question 52

what 3 things does prostate gland secretion contribute to?

Answer 52

1) sperm activation 2) sperm viability 3) sperm motility

Question 53

what are the bulbourethral glands and where are they located?

Answer 53

two glands located in the urogenital diaphragm

Question 54

where do the bulbourethral glands open into?

Answer 54

open into the spongy/penile urethra

Question 55

how much to the bulbourethral glands contribute to semen volume?

Answer 55

contributes 5% of semen volume

Question 56

what are the function of bulbourethral glands?

Answer 56

secretions lubricate and neutralise acidity in the urethra prior to ejalculation

Question 57

when are the secretions of bulbourethral glands released?

Answer 57

released prior to ejaculation to protect against residual acidity

Question 58

what are the components of semen and what are the percentages of each?

Answer 58

- 60% from seminal vesicles - 30% from prostate - 5% from bulbourethral glands

Question 59

what is a vasectomy?

Answer 59

surgical method of sterilisation in males where the ductus deferens in cut, tied or cauterised

Question 60

what is gametogenesis in males?

Answer 60

spermatogenesis

Question 61

what is gametogenesis in females?

Answer 61

oogenesis

Question 62

what is gametogenesis controlled by?

Answer 62

under hormonal control

Question 63

where does gametogenesis occur?

Answer 63

occurs via mitosis and meiosis

Question 64

what do cells need to be for gametogenesis to occur?

Answer 64

cells need to haploid (23 chromosomes)

Question 65

what happens in meiosis I?

Answer 65

2 haploid cell produced from 1 original diploid cell

Question 66

what happens in meiosis II?

Answer 66

each cell produced from meiosis divides to produce 2 haploid cells with 23 chromosome cells

Question 67

what is spermatogenesis?

Answer 67

formation of the male gamete (spermatozoa) through the process by which spermatogonia and transformed to mature spermatozoa (sperm)

Question 68

when does spermatogenesis begin?

Answer 68

occurs continuously from puberty onwards

Question 69

where does spermatogenesis occur?

Answer 69

occurs in the seminiferous tubules

Question 70

what happens in spermatogenesis 1?

Answer 70

- spermatogonia divide by mitosis into 2 diploid daughter cells (46 chromosomes) - 1 spermatogonium (type A) stays at the basement membrane of the seminiferous tubule

Question 71

what happens in spermatogenesis 2?

Answer 71

- the second spermatogonia (type B) differentiates into a primary spermatocyte (diploid), which undergoes meiosis I - forms 2 haploid secondary spermatocytes (23 chromosomes)

Question 72

what happens in spermatogenesis 3?

Answer 72

- undergo meiosis II to form haploid spermatids (23 chromosomes) - spermatids differentiate into spermatozoa with a head, body and tail via spermatogenesis - spermatozoa released into the lumen

Question 73

what is spermatozoon?

Answer 73

singular of spermatozoa

Question 74

what are the 3 reproductive hormones?

Answer 74

1) gonadotropin (GnRH) 2) luteinizing hormone (LH) 3) follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

Question 75

what does gonadotropin act on?

Answer 75

hormone that acts on the gonads

Question 76

what is GnRH?

Answer 76

gonadotropin releasing hormone

Question 77

where is GnRH produced?

Answer 77

produced by the hypothalamus

Question 78

where is LH (luteinising hormone) produced?

Answer 78

produced by the anterior pituitary

Question 79

where is FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) produced?

Answer 79

produced by the anterior pituitary

Question 80

what are the 2 hormones in males?

Answer 80

1) inhibin | 2) testosterone

Question 81

what is inhibin important for?

Answer 81

important for negative feedback within the seminiferous tubules

Question 82

what is testosterone a type of?

Answer 82

type of androgen

Question 83

what is testosterone responsible for?

Answer 83

responsible for male characteristics - maturation of sex organs - spermatogenesis - secondary sex characteristics - libido

Question 84

what are the 2 secondary sex characteristics?

Answer 84

- growth of hair | - deepening of the voice

Question 85

what does LH stimulate the production of?

Answer 85

LH stimulates the production testosterone from interstitial endocrine cells

Question 86

what 2 hormones control spermatogenesis?

Answer 86

1) FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) | 2) testosterone

Question 87

what does FSH stimulate the production of?

Answer 87

FSH stimulates inhibin production in nurse cells

Question 88

what does inhibin suppress?

Answer 88

suppresses FSH

Question 89

what does testosterone suppress?

Answer 89

suppresses LH and GnRH

Question 90

fill in the blank: | spermatogenesis is the maturation of ____ into spermatozoa (head, mid-piece, tail)

Answer 90

spermatid (round)