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HUBS192 Lectures 1-38 > HUBS192 Lecture 31 - Renal Physiology: Urine Composition, Functions of the Kidney and the Basic Nephron Processes > Flashcards

HUBS192 Lecture 31 - Renal Physiology: Urine Composition, Functions of the Kidney and the Basic Nephron Processes Flashcards

1
Q

what 6 things do you expect to be in normal urine?

A

1) 95 - 98 % water
2) creatinine (metabolic waste product)
3) urea, uric acid (comes from protein degradation and purines, toxic part of the protein)
- H+, NH3 (degradation of proteins and acid)
4) Na+, K+ (to keep blood pressure constant)
5) drugs (anti-viral, diuretics that actively secreted)
6) toxins

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2
Q

what 6 things do you expect in pathological urine?

A

1) glucose (glucosuria, diabetes)
2) protein (proteinuria)
3) blood (erythrocytes, haematuria)
4) haemoglobin (haemoglobinuria)
5) leukocytes
6) bacteria (infection)

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3
Q

what should normal urine look like?

A

clear, light or a dark amber look

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4
Q

what should normal urine taste like?

A

acidic with a pH of 5-6

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5
Q

what does it mean if urine tastes sweet?

A

it means that the patient has diabetes mellitus

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6
Q

what is the pH of urine dependant on?

A

dependant on diet

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7
Q

what is the pH of urine of vegetarians?

A

pH up to 7.2 (slightly alkaline)

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8
Q

what is the pH of urine of meat eaters?

A

pH of 4.8

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9
Q

what should normal urine smell like?

A

should have no distinct smell

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10
Q

what should pathological urine look like?

A

golden, red, brown or blue

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11
Q

what should pathological urine taste like?

A

sweet: indication of diabetes mellitus

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12
Q

what should pathological urine smell like?

A
  • like fruits: ketosis (fasting), diabetes, chronic alcohol abuse
  • rotten: infection (bacteria), tumour
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13
Q

what are the 5 parameters of urinalysis?

A

1) blood
2) specific gravity (osmolarity)
3) glucose
4) protein
5) pH

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14
Q

is glucose present in the plasma or in the urine?

A

in the plasma, it should never be in the urine

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15
Q

is proteins present in the plasma or in the urine?

A

in the plasma, it should never be in the urine

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16
Q

is blood present in the plasma or in the urine?

A

not present in either

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17
Q

what is the normal range for the osmolarity of gravity in plasma?

A

285-300 mOsmol/L

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18
Q

what is the normal range for the osmolarity of gravity in blood?

A

50-1335 mOsmol/L

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19
Q

what are the possible diseases/conditions if the normal values for blood changed or became positive in urine?

A
  • haematuria
  • urinary tract infection
  • damage to the filtration barrier
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20
Q

what are the possible diseases/conditions if the normal values for gravity (osmolarity) changed or became positive in urine?

A
  • polyuria
  • diabetes mellitus
  • diabetes insipidus (concussion)
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21
Q

what are the possible diseases/conditions if the normal values for glucose changed or became positive in urine?

A
  • glucosuria

- diabetes mellitus

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22
Q

what are the possible diseases/conditions if the normal values for protein changed or became positive in urine?

A
  • proteinuria
  • glomerulonephritis
  • image to the filtration barrier
23
Q

what are the possible diseases/conditions if the normal values for pH changed or became positive in urine?

A
  • diet-dependant (athlete, vegetarian) conditions
  • acidosis
  • alkalosis
  • asthma
  • anxiety disorder
24
Q

what is the volume of normal urine per day?

A

1.5 L per day

25
Q

where are low oxygen levels detected by?

A

detected by the kidneys

26
Q

what does the kidney release?

A

releases erythropoietin (EPO)

27
Q

what does erythropoietin (EPO) stimulate?

A

stimulates the bone marrow to produce more red blood cells

28
Q

what is chronic renal failure?

A

anaemia which is low levels of red blood cells/haemoglobin hah leads to low blood oxygen levels

29
Q

what is the function of salt/ion homeostasis in terms of potassium ion concentration?

A

in all cells resting membrane potential is based on the potassium gradient (inside/outside) of cells

30
Q

what does potassium ion homeostasis control in terms of neurons and cardiomyocytes?

A
  • action potentials
  • rhythm generation in pacemaker cells
  • contractility
  • signalling
31
Q

what does potassium ion homeostasis control in terms of neurons and cardiomyocytes?

A
  • action potentials
  • rhythm generation in pacemaker cells
  • contractility
  • signalling
32
Q

what is hyperkalemia?

A

kidney disease/failure that results in death in a build up of potassium levels

33
Q

how much potassium is required per day from the diet?

A

5g of potassium per day based on dietary need

34
Q

how are lipophilic compounds metabolised?

A

passed from the blood to the liver to be more hydrophilic, water soluble compounds and then are released again into the blood to be excreted by the kidneys

35
Q

what is aspirin and where is it secreted?

A

a common pain killer that is highly water soluble (hydrophilic) and is excreted directly by the kidneys

36
Q

what is equation for pH?

A

-log(H+)

37
Q

what is the blood pH of alkalosis?

A

blood pH greater than 7.4

38
Q

what is the blood pH of acidosis?

A

blood pH less than 7.4

39
Q

what is the function of bicarbonate (HCO3-) in the blood?

A

bicarbonate (HCO3-) is the main buffer of the blood neutralising acids from metabolism, food and drinks, and maintaining a blood pH of 7.4

40
Q

how is the bicarbonate (HCO3-) concentration controlled in the blood?

A

bicarbonate (HCO3-) concentration in the blood is controlled by the lungs through exhalation of CO2 and the kidneys reabsorbing bicarbonate (HCO3-) or the secretion of H+ ions

41
Q

what are the 9 general functions of the kidney?

A

1) water homeostasis (hydration, blood pressure)
2) salt/ion homeostasis (Na+, K+, Ca2+, blood pressure)
3) re-absorption of nutrients (amino acids, glucose)
4) filters blood
5) pH regulation
6) excretion of drugs, endogenous metabolites and toxins
7) hormone production of EPO
8) metabolism
9) gluconeogenesis

42
Q

what are the 3 basic nephron processes of the kidney?

A

1) filtration
2) secretion
3) re-absorption

43
Q

what is the effect of filtration in the kidney?

A

creates a plasma-like filtrate of the blood

44
Q

what is the effect of reabsorption in the kidney?

A

removes useful solutes from the filtrate and returns them to the blood

45
Q

what is the effect of secretion in the kidney?

A

adds additional wastes from the blood to the filtrate

46
Q

what is the process that occurs in the glomerulus of the nephron?

A

filtration

47
Q

what is the process that occurs in the proximal tubule of the nephron?

A

bulk reabsorption of electrolytes (sodium, potassium), secretion of metabolites, drugs and toxins

48
Q

what is the process that occurs in the distal tubule of the nephron?

A

fine-tuning of electrolytes/water reabsorption

49
Q

what is the process that occurs in the collecting duct of the nephron?

A

fine-tuning of electrolyte/water reabsorption

50
Q

how is glucose handed and where is it handled in the nephron?

A

glucose is only reabsorbed in the proximal tubule

51
Q

how is potassium handed and where is it handled in the nephron?

A

potassium is reabsorbed or secreted in different parts of the tubule (depends on diet)

52
Q

how is water handed and where is it handled in the nephron?

A

water is reabsorbed in most parts of the tubule

53
Q

how are drugs and toxins handled and where is it handled in the nephron?

A

penicillin is mostly excreted by active secretion, not filtration

54
Q

how are big molecules handed and where is it handled in the nephron?

A

big molecules are not even filtered

HUBS192 Lectures 1-38 (38 decks)

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