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HUBS192 Lectures 1-38 > HUBS192 Lecture 23 - Large Intestine and Comments on the Liver > Flashcards

HUBS192 Lecture 23 - Large Intestine and Comments on the Liver Flashcards

1
Q

why is the large intestine called the large intestine?

A

because the large intestine is large in diameter

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2
Q

is the large intestine or the small intestine longer in length?

A

the small intestine is longer in length

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3
Q

where is the cecum located?

A

sits in the right iliac of the hip

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4
Q

what does the large intestine consist of starting from the cecum?

A

from the cecum –> up the ascending colon –> to the right coli (hepatic) flexure –> across transverse colon –> left colic (splenic) flexure –> down the descending colon –> reaching the sigmoidal colon –> and finally into the rectum

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5
Q

why is the sigmoidal colon S-shaped?

A

S-shaped because the colon has to come up and over the pelvic brim

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6
Q

what 3 components does the large intestine consist of?

A

1) cecum
2) colon
3) rectum

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7
Q

what 4 parts can the colon be further divided into?

A

1) ascending
2) transverse
3) descending
4) sigmoidal

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8
Q

what 3 parts of the large intestine are intraperitoneal?

A

1) cecum
2) transverse colon
3) sigmoidal colon

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9
Q

what 2 parts of the large intestine are retroperitoneal?

A

1) ascending colon

2) descending colon

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10
Q

where is the ileocecal valve located?

A

located between the ileum and the cecum

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11
Q

what is the function of the ileocecal valve?

A
  • regulates the passage of material from the ileum into the cecum
  • prevents back flow of faeces and bacteria from the large intestine into the small intestine
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12
Q

what is the appendix?

A

blind ended tubular structure

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13
Q

where is the appendix located?

A

variety of locations that extend of from the cecum

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14
Q

what is the vermiform appendix?

A

worm like appendage

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15
Q

what is the function of the appendix?

A

recolonise a population of bacteria in the large intestine after an infection by a large reserve of a population of intestinal bacteria

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16
Q

what is essential for the GI system?

A

bacteria in the microbiome produce vitamins, hormones, supply energy and protect against pathogens

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17
Q

what is the name for the inflammation of the appendix?

A

appendicitis

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18
Q

what does a barium enema allow?

A

enables x-ray images to be taken of the large intestine to assess its function

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19
Q

what are the 3 gross structures of the large intestine?

A

1) teniae coli
2) haustra
3) omental appendices

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20
Q

what are the haustra separated by?

A

separated by semilunar folds

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21
Q

what are the teniae coli?

A

3 bands of longitudinal smooth muscle

-modification of the muscularis layer

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22
Q

what are the haustra?

A

series of pouches in the wall of the colon

23
Q

what are the omental appendices?

A

sacs of fat

24
Q

what is the function of the bands of smooth muscle that compose the teniae coli?

A

to generate strong contractions to propel and move faecal matter through the intestine

25
Q

what forms intestinal glands in the large intestine?

A

invaginated mucosa forms the intestinal glands

-muscularis mucosae does not invaginate

26
Q

what is relationship between the microvilli of the small and large intestine?

A

lack of microvilli in the large intestine

27
Q

what is the function of the mucosa of the colon?

A

carries out the remaining water and salt absorption

-large number of mucus producing goblet cells

28
Q

what epithelium is present in the rectum superior to the anal columns?

A

simple columnar epithelium

29
Q

what epithelium is present inferior to the anal columns?

A

stratified squamous epithelium

30
Q

what marks the boundary where the epithelium changes in the rectum?

A

the anal columns

31
Q

what are the 2 anal sphincters?

A

1) internal anal sphincter

2) external anal sphincter

32
Q

what is the internal anal sphincter composed of and what control is it under?

A

smooth muscle under involuntary control

33
Q

what is the external anal sphincter composed of and what control is it under?

A

skeletal muscle under voluntary control

34
Q

what is the defecation reflex?

A

movement of faeces into the rectum stimulates stretch receptors as it causes destination of the rectum. Then the internal anal sphincter relaxes (involuntarily). Then the conscious decision is made to defect by relaxing the external anal sphincter

35
Q

what is the location of the liver?

A

superior right quadrant of the abdominopelvic cavity

36
Q

what is the main function of the liver?

A

produces bile

37
Q

where is bile stored?

A

stored in the gall bladder

38
Q

what is percentage of cardiac output the liver receives?

A

25% of the cardiac output

39
Q

from where does the liver receive 1/3 of its blood supply?

A

from the hepatic artery

40
Q

from where does the liver receive 2/3 of its blood supply?

A

venous blood from the hepatic portal vein

41
Q

what are the 2 characteristics of blood from the hepatic portal vein?

A

1) nutrient rich, deoxygenated blood from the small intestine
2) blood processed by hepatocytes

42
Q

what 3 structures travel within the lesser omentum?

A
  • lesser omentum connects the lesser curvature of the stomach to the liver
  • the hepatic portal vein, the hepatic artery and the bile duct travel within the lesser omentum
43
Q

what are the functional units of the liver?

A

lobules

44
Q

what do lobules contain?

A

rows and rows of hepatocytes (liver cells) the are orientated around a central vein that runs through the lobule

45
Q

what structure is between the rows of hepatocytes?

A

liver sinusoids are between the rows

46
Q

what structure is between the liver cells (hepatocytes)?

A

bile canaliculi between the liver cells

-travels on the way though to a bile duct

47
Q

where is a portal triad located?

A

at the corner of the liver lobules

48
Q

what collection of 3 important vessel structures composes the portal triad?

A

1) branch of hepatic artery
2) branch of hepatic portal vein
3) bile duct

49
Q

what are the 2 functions of hepatocytes?

A

1) remove toxins from the blood

2) produce bile

50
Q

what is the blood flow and direction of bile within the liver?

A

1) blood flows towards the central vein
2) blood is processed by hepatocytes, which produce bile
3) bile is secreted into the canaliculi which then travels to the bile ducts

51
Q

what is the venous drainage of the liver?

A

central veins drain the hepatic vein which drains into the inferior vena cava

52
Q

what is hepatic portal vein?

A

carries nutrient rich, de-oxygenated from the intestines to the liver

53
Q

what is the hepatic vein?

A

carries deoxygenated from the liver to the inferior vena cava

54
Q

what is the hepatopancreatic ampulla?

A

dilated region where the bile duct ultimately joins the pancreatic duct

HUBS192 Lectures 1-38 (38 decks)

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