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HUBS192 Lectures 1-38 > HUBS192 Lecture 10 - Controlling the Heart and Blood Pressure > Flashcards

HUBS192 Lecture 10 - Controlling the Heart and Blood Pressure Flashcards

1
Q

what is the pattern of rise and fall of blood pressure?

A

cyclical pattern of rise and fall

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2
Q

what are 2 things that high pressure in the large systemic arteries is linked to?

A

1) linked to ventricular contraction and ejection of blood

2) pulsitility in major arteries (systolic / diastolic)

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3
Q

what is the critical factor that the human body is trying to control at all times?

A

mean arterial blood pressure (MAP)

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4
Q

what is mean arterial blood pressure (MAP)?

A

the driving force is an important determinant of blood flow and is tightly regulated within a narrow range

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5
Q

what is the blood pressure in the major arteries?

A

blood pressure is high in the major arteries (oscillatory)

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6
Q

what is the blood pressure in veins?

A

blood pressure is very low in veins

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7
Q

how is oscillatory nature reduced?

A

reduced by blood pressure falling steeply across the arterioles, capillaries, and venules

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8
Q

what helps to drive the unidirectional flow of blood in terms of pressure?

A

the large pressure difference (ΔP) between the major arteries and the veins helps to create a driving force for unidirectional blood flow

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9
Q

what is the relationship between difference in pressure and blood flow?

A

the greater the pressure difference, the stronger the flow of blood throughout your system

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10
Q

why does the body maintain mean arterial blood pressure at a high level at all times?

A

because if the level was any lower then there would be decreased pressure difference compared to the veins and there would be less blood flow

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11
Q

what are extremities?

A

the parts of your body that are located away from the heart that require the largest blood flow
e.g the brain

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12
Q

what is arterial blood volume and pressure determined by?

A

the balance between blood flow “in” and blood flow “out”

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13
Q

what is effect of having a larger blood flow “in” to the arteries?

A

blood pressure will be increased and blood volume will also increase

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14
Q

what is the effect of having a larger blood flow “out” of the veins?

A

blood pressure will fall and blood volume will decrease

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15
Q

what 3 features are associated with blood flow “in”?

A

1) fills arteries
2) increases arterial blood volume
3) raises arterial pressure

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16
Q

what 3 features are associated with blood flow “out”?

A

1) drains arteries
2) decreases arterial blood volume
3) lowers arterial pressure

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17
Q

what 3 things determine blood flow “in”?

A

1) ventricular contraction
2) ejection of blood
3) CARDIAC OUTPUT

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18
Q

what 2 things determine blood flow “out”?

A

1) capillary flow

2) controlled by resistance of the arteries

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19
Q

what is cardiac output?

A

blood flow leaving the heart

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20
Q

what 3 things does the balance of blood flow “in” and blood flow “out” determine?

A

1) increase cardiac output (increases inflow)
2) increase resistance (decrease outflow)
3) increase arterial volume and pressure

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21
Q

what are the 2 ways to increase mean arterial blood pressure (MAP)?

A

1) increase cardiac output (increase inflow)

2) increase resistance (decrease outflow)

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22
Q

how does increased resistance decrease blood outflow?

A

increase the difficultly of blood moving blood out into the capillaries, trapping blood in the arteries, keeping blood volume high

23
Q

what is the equation for MAP (arterial pressure)?

A

MAP= CO x TPR
P= Q x R
Arterial pressure= Cardiac output x Total peripheral resistance

24
Q

what are the 2 determinants of cardiac output?

A

1) stroke volume

2) heart rate

25
Q

what is the equation for cardiac output?

A 
CO = SV x HR 
Cardiac Output (L/min) = Stroke Volume (L/beat) x Heart Rate (beats/min)
26
Q

what is stroke volume in terms of contraction?

A

the contraction strength

27
Q

what is heart rate in terms of contraction?

A

the contraction speed

28
Q

what does SV stand for?

A

stroke volume

29
Q

what is the communication role of the brain to the heart?

A

the brain functions to tell the heartbeat to speed up or slow down

30
Q

where is the homeostasis of arterial blood pressure?

A

coordinated within the brainstem

31
Q

what is afferent input?

A

input from the systems that monitor from the body that communicate about what is happening in the body (sensory)

32
Q

what is efferent output?

A

communication from the brain in response to afferent input out to the heart and vessels

33
Q

where does afferent input come from?

A

input from both the CNS and the ‘periphery’

34
Q

what are baroreceptors?

A

receptors that measure blood pressure

35
Q

where are baroreceptors mainly located?

A

located in the aortic arch and in the carotid artery

36
Q

what do baroreceptors sense?

A

they sense stretching of an artery by detecting artery stretch as they are embedded in the artery wall

37
Q

what is the function of baroreceptors?

A

send afferent input to the brain about blood pressure all the time

38
Q

what is the relationship between the amount of signal sent by baroreceptors and blood pressure?

A
  • when blood pressure increases the baroreceptors send a larger signal to indicate to the brain that blood pressure is too high
  • when blood pressure decreases the baroreceptors send a less of a signal to indicate that blood pressure is falling
39
Q

what are the 2 systems that the brain uses to control the function of the heart?

A

1) parasympathetic nervous system neurons (brake)

2) sympathetic nervous system neurons (accelerator)

40
Q

what colour is the parasympathetic nervous system represented by?

A

purple, the rest and digest system

41
Q

what colour is the sympathetic nervous system represented by?

A

green, the fight or flight system

42
Q

what is a way to reduce high blood pressure?

A

reducing the blood flow “in” by pushing less blood into the arteries from the PSNS by efferent output through the vagus nerve slows down heart rate

43
Q

what is the vagus nerve?

A

the vagus nerve connects the brain to the heart at the SA node and the AV node

44
Q

what do the SA (sinoatrial) node and the AV (atrioventricular) node have in common?

A

both are responsible for timing within the heart

45
Q

what is the function of the vagus nerve?

A

the vagus nerve in the parasympathetic nervous system decreases heart rate

46
Q

is the vagus nerve associated with the SNS or the PSNS?

A

parasympathetic

47
Q

what is a way to increase low blood pressure?

A

the brain uses the sympathetic nervous system signalling through the sympathetic chain ganglia to communicate with the SA node to fire faster (more depolarisations = more contractions) and the communicates with the AV node to make the pause in the signal shorter therefore increase heart rate and stroke volume

48
Q

is the sympathetic chain ganglia associated with the PSNS or the SNS?

A

sympathetic nervous system

49
Q

what is the PSNS neural control signal?

A

vagus nerve

50
Q

what is the SNS neural control signal?

A

sympathetic chain ganglia and the purkinje fibres

51
Q

what is known as the “brake” of cardiac output?

A

parasympathetic nervous system

52
Q

what is known as the “accelerator” of cardiac output?

A

sympathetic nervous system

53
Q

when is cardiac output greatly increased?

A

during exercise

54
Q

what is cardiac output measured in?

A

L/min

HUBS192 Lectures 1-38 (38 decks)

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