HUBS192 Lecture 14 - Respiratory System I: An Overview & the Upper Respiratory Tract

Question 1

what is the role of the respiratory system?

Answer 1

connected organs and structures that function to conduct warm, clean, moist air into close proximity with blood of the circulatory system for gas exchange

Question 2

what is 3 things are required for the optimal condition of air?

Answer 2

air needs to be

1) warm
2) clean
3) moist

Question 3

what are the 5 things required for respiratory system to be effective?

Answer 3

1) a surface for gas exchange
2) a path for air to flow to reach the gas exchange surface in optimal condition
3) ability to draw breath in and out
4) produce sound (eg voice)
5) olfaction (sense of smell)

Question 4

what is olfaction?

Answer 4

another way of saying sense of smell

Question 5

what is the relationship between a surface for gas exchange and blood and air?

Answer 5

blood and air close together, but always sepertaed

Question 6

what are the main components the respiratory system is divided into?

Answer 6

1) URT (upper respiratory tract)
2) LRT (lower respiratory tract)
3) thoracic cavity
4) joints
5) respiratory muscles

Question 7

what does the URT consist of?

Answer 7

• nose
• nasal cavity
• paranasal sinuses
• pharynx (nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx)

Question 8

what does the LRT consist of?

Answer 8

• larynx
• trachea
• bronchus
• bronchioles: respiratory bronchioles

Question 9

what is location of the URT?

Answer 9

from your chin upwards

Question 10

what is the location of the LRT?

Answer 10

from your chin downwards deep into the lungs

Question 11

what does the conducting region consist of?

Answer 11

nasal cavity to bronchioles

Question 12

what is the function of the conducting region?

Answer 12

ensures that the air is

• warm
• clean
• moist

Question 13

what does the respiratory region consist of?

Answer 13

alveoli

Question 14

what is the function of the respiratory region?

Answer 14

site of gas exchange

Question 15

what is the secondary passage for air?

Answer 15

oral cavity

Question 16

what is the function of the oral cavity?

Answer 16

passage for air and food

Question 17

what is the primary passage for air?

Answer 17

nasal cavity

Question 18

what is the function of the nasal cavity?

Answer 18

olfaction (sense of smell)

Question 19

what is the whole of the respiratory tract lined with?

Answer 19

tract lined with mucosa

Question 20

what is mucosa? (in terms of epithelium)

Answer 20

a mucous membrane which is a layer of epithelium attached via a basement membrane to the lamina propria (CT)

Question 21

what is the function of the lamina propria?

Answer 21

supporting layer for the epithelial cells

Question 22

what is the relationship between epithelium and function?

Answer 22

epithelium changes along length of tract to reflect function

Question 23

what is the type of epithelium in most of the conduction region?

Answer 23

respiratory epithelium

Question 24

what is the type of epithelium in the area where air & food travel?

Answer 24

stratified squamous epithelium

Question 25

what is the type of epithelium in the respiratory region (alveoli)?

Answer 25

simple squamous epithelium

Question 26

what is the type of epithelium in the olfaction region?

Answer 26

olfactory mucosa epithelium

Question 27

what is respiratory epithelium?

Answer 27

pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells

Question 28

what is the main epithelium in the respiratory system and why?

Answer 28

respiratory epithelium aka pseudostratifed ciliated columnar epithelium (with goblet cells) is the main epithelium because it is associated with the conductor region which is located from the nasal cavity to the bronchioles, thus essentially the whole respiratory system

Question 29

where is respiratory epithelium aka pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelium (with goblet cells) found in?

Answer 29

- nasal cavity - part of pharynx - larynx - trachea - bronchi

Question 30

what are the 5 components of pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelium (with goblet cells)?

Answer 30

1) ciliated cell 2) goblet cell 3) basal cell 4) basement membrane 5) lamina propria

Question 31

what do goblet cells produce?

Answer 31

produce mucus

Question 32

what is the function of mucus?

Answer 32

- traps debris | - moistens air

Question 33

what is the function of ciliated cells?

Answer 33

undergo a patterned movement that pushes mucus towards pharynx to be swallowed and digested by stomach acid

Question 34

what are the 2 crucial components of the respiratory system?

Answer 34

1) cilia | 2) mucus

Question 35

what are the 3 different parts of the pharynx?

Answer 35

1) nasopharynx 2) oropharynx 3) laryngopharynx

Question 36

what is the functions of the URT?

Answer 36

- conducting passage (not only air) - prepares air for respiratory membrane (gas exchange) by preparing it in the 3 optimal conditions : warm, clean and moist

Question 37

what are the paranasal sinuses?

Answer 37

resonating chambers for speech (sound of your voice)

Question 38

how is the shape of the nose determined?

Answer 38

shaped by cartilage

Question 39

what meant by a patent airway and how is this maintained?

Answer 39

keeping the airway clear or unobstructed maintained by cartilage

Question 40

what is the structural feature of cartilage in the nose?

Answer 40

soft and flexible

Question 41

what is the proper name for nostrils?

Answer 41

external/anterior nares

Question 42

what is the function of the external/anterior nares?

Answer 42

the open entrance way to the nasal cavity

Question 43

what nares are located further back in the cavity, external nares or anterior nares?

Answer 43

anterior nares

Question 44

what is the vestibule area of the nose?

Answer 44

the area where you can stick your finger into your nose

Question 45

what is the vestibule area of the nose composed of?

Answer 45

lined with skin (hardened layer of the stratified squamous epithelium) with sebaceous glands, sweat glands, hair follicles and vibrissae

Question 46

what are vibrissae?

Answer 46

your nose hairs

Question 47

what is the function of vibrissae?

Answer 47

first line of defence against debris in the air by filtering inhaled air

Question 48

what is the bridge of the nose composed of?

Answer 48

2 nasal bones

Question 49

what is the roof of the nasal cavity formed by?

Answer 49

ethmoid and sphenoid bones

Question 50

what is the floor of the nasal cavity formed by?

Answer 50

hard and soft palates

Question 51

what is the present on the lateral walls of the URT?

Answer 51

conchae

Question 52

what opens into the nasal pharynx?

Answer 52

interior/posterior nares open into nasal pharynx

Question 53

what is the anterior nasal septum in the midline composed of?

Answer 53

composed of cartilage

Question 54

what is the posterior (internal) nasal septum in the midline composed of?

Answer 54

composed of bone

Question 55

what are the URT conchae?

Answer 55

3 projections of bone (superior, middle and inferior conchae) that are covered in respiratory epithelium aka pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelium (with goblet cells)

Question 56

what are the 3 URT conchae?

Answer 56

1) superior conchae 2) middle conchae 3) inferior conchae

Question 57

what is the function of the URT conchae?

Answer 57

produce mucus to trap debris to get rid of the debris and swirl the inspired air (turbulent air)

Question 58

why is it essential that the conchae make the inspired air turbulent?

Answer 58

because in the big open space where air is inhaled only the air touching the surfaces of wall will be warmed, cleaned and moistened, therefore the air in middle will be dirty, cold and dry (not under optimal conditions) -therefore the projections provide a larger surface area and are the reason for the air to be in contact with the wall -more time for warming and humidifying of air -longer and better olfactory detection

Question 59

what is the olfactory mucosa area and where is it located?

Answer 59

sit on the roof (superior part ) of the nasal cavity that contains smell (olfactory) receptors

Question 60

how does the process of olfactory occur in terms of the components?

Answer 60

olfactory dendrites that detect the smell and pass it up to the olfactory receptor cells, up to the olfactory nerve fibres and up to the brain (detecting a sense of smell)

Question 61

where does the epithelium in the nasal mucosa sit?

Answer 61

epithelium sits on the lamina propria (CT layer)

Question 62

what does the lamina propria contain a large amount of?

Answer 62

large amount of blood vessels (plexus of thin walled veins) | -easy to damage because of thin layer

Question 63

what is the function of blood vessels in the lamina propria?

Answer 63

helps to warm incoming air via radiation

Question 64

what happens when air temperature drops in terms of blood vessels?

Answer 64

vascular plexus dilates = greater heat transfer

Question 65

what is a sinus?

Answer 65

cavity within a bone (normally filled with air)

Question 66

what is a paranasal?

Answer 66

surrounding the nose

Question 67

what are the paranasal sinuses?

Answer 67

cavity within a bone that surrounds the nose lined with respiratory mucosa

Question 68

where are the paranasal sinuses found?

Answer 68

found within frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid and maxillary bones

Question 69

where does the paranasal sinuses drain into?

Answer 69

drains into the pharynx

Question 70

what are 3 functions of the paranasal sinuses?

Answer 70

1) lighten skull 2) increased surface area to clean, warm, moisten air 3) sound resonance

Question 71

what are blocked sinuses?

Answer 71

infected mucus that can block drainage

Question 72

what is the pharynx?

Answer 72

muscular funnel shaped tube shared by the respiratory and digestive system

Question 73

what is the pharynx commonly called?

Answer 73

commonly called the throat

Question 74

what are the 3 regions of the pharynx?

Answer 74

1) nasopharynx 2) oropharynx 3) laryngopharynx

Question 75

what is the region of the pharynx that is ONLY an air passage and is not involved in the digestive system?

Answer 75

nasopharynx is an air passage only

Question 76

what is the oropharynx?

Answer 76

region of the pharynx posterior to the mouth or oral cavity from the soft plate to the hyoid bone where both air and food pass through

Question 77

what is the laryngopharynx?

Answer 77

the region of pharynx that sits posterior to the larynx located from the hyoid bone to the larynx/beginning of the oesophagus (ends at the level where respiratory and digestive tracts diverge) where air and food passes through

Question 78

where is the nasopharynx located?

Answer 78

posterior to the nasal cavity from the posterior nares to the soft palate

Question 79

what is the function of the soft palate and the uvula?

Answer 79

soft palate and uvula block the nasopharynx during swallowing to prevent food entering the nasal cavity

Question 80

what is the uvula?

Answer 80

dangly bit at the back of the throat

Question 81

where does the auditory tube drain from?

Answer 81

drains from the auditory tube from the middle ear

Question 82

what are the pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids) and where are they located?

Answer 82

lymphoid tissue located on the posterior wall of the nasal cavity

Question 83

what is the epithelium found in the oropharynx and why?

Answer 83

stratified squamous epithelium to protect against abrasion

Question 84

what are the 2 sets of tonsils?

Answer 84

1) palatine tonsils | 2) lingual tonsils

Question 85

where does the laryngopharynx end?

Answer 85

ends at the level where respiratory and digestive tracts diverge

Question 86

what has the 'right of way' during swallowing, food or air?

Answer 86

food has the 'right of way' during swallowing