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HUBS192 Lectures 1-38 > HUBS192 Lecture 22 - The Small Intestine > Flashcards

HUBS192 Lecture 22 - The Small Intestine Flashcards

1
Q

why is the small intestine called the small intestine?

A

because the intestine is small is diameter

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2
Q

what is the diameter of the small intestine?

A

3-4cm

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3
Q

what is the diameter of the large intestine?

A

approx. 7cm

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4
Q

what are the 3 main regions of the small intestine?

A

1) duodenum
2) jejunum
3) ileum

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5
Q

what is the longest section of the small intestine?

A

the ileum

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6
Q

how long is the small intestine?

A

total length is approx. 6m

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7
Q

what does the acronym Don’t Jump In mean?

A

Duodenum (first region) Don’t
Jejunum (middle region) Jump
Ileum (terminal/end region) In

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8
Q

where does the initial segment of the duodenum sit in relation to the peritoneal cavity?

A

initial segment of the duodenum sits retroperitoneal (posterior the peritoneal cavity)

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9
Q

what is intraperitoneal?

A

located within the peritoneal cavity

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10
Q

where is the jejunum and the ileum located in relation to the peritoneal cavity?

A

sits intraperitoneal (inside the peritoneal cavity)

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11
Q

why is the jejunum and the ileum located intraperitoneal?

A

to allow the jejunum and the ileum to be able to carry out motility and movement associated with peristalsis (motility pattern that helps to propel stuff along the tract) and segmentation (mixing motility pattern)

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12
Q

how is the small intestine held in place?

A

small intestine held in place by mesentery

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13
Q

what is the function of a mesentery for the small intestine?

A

allows movement, but prevents the small intestine from getting tangled

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14
Q

what are the 4 components a mesentery contains?

A

1) arteries
2) veins
3) nerves
4) lymphatics

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15
Q

what is the function of the mesenteric artery?

A

supplies the small intestine with oxygenated blood

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16
Q

what is the function of mesenteric vein?

A

drains deoxygenated blood from the small intestine

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17
Q

what is delivered to the small intestine?

A

chyme

-very acidic

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18
Q

what are the 2 ways the small intestine is protected from the acidic chyme?

A

1) protect epithelium

2) neutralise pH

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19
Q

how does the small intestine protect the epithelium from acidic chyme?

A

through mucous secreting cells with the glands located in the submucosa
-specific to the duodenum

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20
Q

what is a feature specific to the duodenum of the small intestine?

A

mucous secreting cells in the submucosa

-duodenum requires more protection

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21
Q

how does the small intestine neutralise the pH from acidic chyme?

A

through bicarbonate (HCO3-) secreted from duct cells of the pancreas

22
Q

what is the function of the plicate circulares (circular folds)?

A
  • increase the surface area of the tube
  • spirals food material as it travels through the lumen
  • slows down its passage to allow more time digestion and absorption
23
Q

what are the plicate circulares (circular folds)?

A

permanent large folds of the small intestine with a core of submucosa (with overlying mucosa)

24
Q

what are villi?

A

finger-like projections of mucosa

25
Q

what is the function of the muscularis mucosae in terms of the villi?

A

muscularis mucosae contracts to allow the villi to wiggle back and forth to sample and be exposed to the lumen content

26
Q

where are villi located?

A

numerous villi, found on the surface of the place circulares (circular layer)

27
Q

what surrounds the central lymphatic lacteal?

A

the capillary network

28
Q

why are the lymph lacteal and capillary network vessels extending into the tip of the villi?

A

to sit close to the site of absorption

29
Q

what products are absorbed in the capillary network of the villi?

A

products of protein and carbohydrate digestion

30
Q

what products are absorbed in the lymph lacteal of the villi?

A

products of fat
digestion
e.g fatty acids

31
Q

what is the core of each villi made up of?

A

core is made up of FCT which is the lamina propria

32
Q

what is a portal vein?

A

a vein that does more than just the usual function of returning blood back to the heart

33
Q

what enters the mesenteric veins and where does this drain into?

A

nutrient rich, deoxygenated blood absorbed in the small intestine enters into the mesenteric veins. This then drains into the hepatic portal vein

34
Q

what is the cisterns chyli?

A

collecting sac at the base of the thoracic duct

35
Q

what is the drainage pathway from the lymph lacteals?

A

lymph lacteals drain into the cisterns chyli –> thoracic duct –> left subclavian vein

36
Q

what further increases the surface area of the small intestine without changing the volume?

A

microvilli on the apical surface further increase the surface area

37
Q

what is another name for the microvilli layer?

A

brush border (because the microvilli look like bristles on a brush)

38
Q

what is the glycocalyx?

A

network of glycoproteins and branched filaments

39
Q

what is the function of the glycocalyx?

A

tethers enzymes in place

40
Q

what is contact digestion?

A

involves enzymes that are attached to the brush border

41
Q

what is luminal digestion?

A

involves enzymes that are in the lumen of the digestive tract

42
Q

what are the 2 features of the plasma membrane?

A

1) selectively permeable

2) has proteins - channels and transporters

43
Q

what is the junction between the epithelial cell in the small intestine?

A

tight junctions

  • very tight
  • only small molecules may diffuse through
44
Q

what are the 5 epithelial cell types in the small intestine?

A

1) enterocytes
2) goblet cells
3) stem cells
4) panted cells
5) endocrine cells

45
Q

what is the function of enterocytes?

A

absorptive cells

46
Q

what is the function of goblet cells?

A

secrete mucous for protection

47
Q

what is the function of stem cells?

A

makes all cell types

48
Q

what is the function of paneth cells?

A

secrete granules and antibacterial enzymes

49
Q

what is the function of endocrine cells?

A

secrete hormones

50
Q

what epithelial cell types are in the intestinal crypt?

A
  • epithelial cell
  • stem cell
  • paneth cell
51
Q

what are microvilli?

A

fold in the apical plasma membrane of the epithelium

52
Q

what are the 4 key ways the surface area of the small intestine is increased for absorption?

A

1) very long - 6m in length
2) plicae circulares (circular layer) = permanent folds of the submucosa
3) villi = folds of the mucosa (not the muscularis mucosa)
4) microvilli = fold in the apical plasma membrane of the epithelium

HUBS192 Lectures 1-38 (38 decks)

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