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HUBS192 Lectures 1-38 > HUBS192 Lecture 17 - The Work of Breathing > Flashcards

HUBS192 Lecture 17 - The Work of Breathing Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 4 things the physiology of the respiratory system needs to do?

A

1) get it in (get the air from from outside the body and down into the lungs to the alveoli)
2) get it across (gas exchange from the alveoli into the blood stream and then back into the alveoli)
3) get it around (transport the various gases to the cardiovascular system and to the cells that need them and back around to the lungs to be exchanged)
4) keep it going (keep the system running smoothly using neural input)

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2
Q

how do you quantify a liquid?

A

liquids are usually quantified in terms of volume

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3
Q

how do you quantify a gas?

A

gases are usually quantified in terms of pressure (result of collisions)

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4
Q

what is the relationship between the pressure of a gas and its volume?

A

the pressure of a gas is inversely related to its volume aka Boyles law

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5
Q

what happens to pressure if volume is decreased?

A

decreased volume results in increased pressure

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6
Q

what happens to pressure if volume is increased?

A

increased volume results in decreased pressure

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7
Q

what is Boyles law?

A

the pressure of a gas is inversely related to its volume

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8
Q

what is the function of a pressure gradient?

A

drives

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9
Q

when is there no pressure gradient?

A

when the amount of air within the lungs is equivalent to the atmospheric pressure

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10
Q

what is the equation for in the lungs pressure at rest?

A

Poutside=Pinside

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11
Q

what is the effect of Poutside=Pinside right before you take a breath?

A

because pressure outside and inside are equal no air movement will occur

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12
Q

what is the movement of gases in terms of pressure?

A

gases will more from high pressure to low pressure

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13
Q

what happens as you inhale in terms of the diaphragm , rib cage, volume and pressure

A
  • as you inhale, your diaphragm drops while your rib cage expands
  • this increases the volume in your chest, which lowers the pressure
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14
Q

what 3 things occur during inhalation?

A

1) volume is increasing
2) pressure inside the lungs is decreasing
3) pressure outside is now greater than inside, so air rushes in

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15
Q

what happens as you exhale in terms of the diaphragm , rib cage, volume and pressure

A

as you exhale, your diaphragm comes up while your rib cage comes in
-this decreases the volume in your chest , which increases the pressure

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16
Q

what 3 things occur during exhalation?

A

1) volume is decreasing
2) pressure inside the lungs is increasing
3) pressure outside is now lower than inside, so air rushes out

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17
Q

what is breathing rate highly correlated to?

A

highly correlated to heart rate

-breath once per every 4 heartbeats (approx.)

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18
Q

what are the 2 opposing forces that must be overcome to take a breath?

A

1) stiffness of the lungs

2) resistance of the airways to the lungs

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19
Q

what must the lungs do to take in air related to the stiffness of the lungs?

A

lungs must expand to take in air

-how compliant are the lungs? (lungs are highly compliant)

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20
Q

what holds the lungs in place?

A

surface tension holds the lungs in place

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21
Q

what does it mean by the resistance of the airways to the lungs?

A

need to move the air from outside to the alveoli

- how much resistance is the respiratory tract putting on the movement of air?

22
Q

what is the relationship between lung stiffness and compliance?

A

lung stiffness is related to compliance (compliance= change in volume/change in pressure)

23
Q

what is pulmonary fibrosis?

A

thickening and scarring of the alveolar membrane

- can arise from chronic inflammation or exposure to industrial chemicals

24
Q

what is the effect of pulmonary fibrosis?

A

the fibrotic scarring is not as flexible or compliant than the normal cells within the lungs therefore it is more difficult to stretch the lung to accomodate a volume of air

25
Q

what are the alveoli lined with and what is the function of this?

A

alveoli are lined with fluid (mostly water, strong H-bonding) that exert surface tension

26
Q

what enhances the surface tension of the alveoli?

A

walls of the alveoli are very thin, enhancing this effect

27
Q

what must be overcome to expand the lungs?

A

must overcome surface tension to expand the lungs

28
Q

what is the function of surfactant?

A

molecule that disrupts the interaction between water molecules therefore prevent surface tension and allows the alveoli to expand during a breath

29
Q

what do the alveoli secrete?

A

surfactant

30
Q

what is the result of failure to produce adequate surfactant?

A

failure to produce surfactant results in difficulty in expanding the lungs and reduced oxygen intake

31
Q

what does RDS stand for?

A

respiratory distress syndrome

32
Q

what is RDS (respiratory distress syndrome)?

A

premature infants don’t produce surfactant therefore the can not over the surface tension by themselves

33
Q

what are the 3 features of the airway resistance through the respiratory tract?

A

1) need to move air from outside to the alveoli
2) air is conducted through the bronchi and bronchioles
3) exert force (friction) on the air that must be overcome

34
Q

what is the result of changing the radius of the bronchioles?

A

changes the resistance to air flow

-bronchioles are the most important for moving air from the outside to the inside

35
Q

what is spirometry?

A

pulmonary functional test that measures volume inhaled / exhaled
-can measure how much and how fast you breathe

36
Q

what are the 5 spirometry trace volumes?

A

1) tidal volume (Tv)
2) inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
3) expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
4) residual volume
5) minimal volume

37
Q

what is tidal volume (Tv)?

A

volume of air moved in and out during a normal quiet breath

38
Q

what is inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)?

A

extra volume that can be inspired with maximal inhalation

39
Q

what is expiratory reserve volume (ERV)?

A

extra volume that can be exhaled with maximal effort

40
Q

what is residual volume?

A

volume remaining in lungs after maximal exhalation

41
Q

what is minimal volume?

A

volume remaining in lungs if they collapsed

42
Q

what are 4 spirometry trace capacities?

A

1) vital capacity
2) total lung capacity
3) inspiratory capacity
4) functional residual capacity

43
Q

what is vital capacity?

A

inspiratory reserve + expiratory reserve + tidal volume

-volume of air you can shift in and out of your lungs (max amount)

44
Q

what is total lung capacity?

A

vital capacity + residual volume

-total volume in lung when you’ve filled them to max (all the lungs in your lungs total)

45
Q

what is inspiratory capacity?

A

inspiratory reserve + tidal volume

-total volume of air you can inspire (inhale) from rest

46
Q

what is functional residual capacity?

A

expiratory reserve + residual volume

-volume remaining in lungs after normal exhalation

47
Q

what does FEV1 stand for?

A

forced expiration volume in one second

-reduced with diseases causing resistance to air flow

48
Q

what is the normal FEV1/VC ratio

A

80% of the air out of your lungs

49
Q

what can spirometry identify between?

A

can discern obstructive and restrictive tissues

50
Q

what is the restricture issue?

A

reduced lung capacity as there is reduced lung compliance (e.g fibrosis) by insufficient surfactant release

51
Q

what is the obstructive issue?

A

resistance to airflow causes asthma and chronic bronchitis

HUBS192 Lectures 1-38 (38 decks)

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