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hormones Flashcards

1
Q

list steroid hormones (5)

A

testosterone

progesterone

estrogen

aldosterone

cortisol

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2
Q

testosterone function

A

develops and maintains male reproductive system and male secondary sex characteristics

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3
Q

testosterone hormone type

A

steroid

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4
Q

testosterone source

A

testes (and adrenal cortex)

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5
Q

progesterone function

A

maintains the endometrium (uterine lining) of the uterus

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6
Q

progesterone hormone type

A

steroid

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7
Q

progesterone source

A

secreted by the corpus luteum (in the ovaries) during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle

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8
Q

estrogen function

A

develops and maintains the female reproductive system and female secondary sex characteristics

inhibit bone resorption (breakdown bone tissue to release minerals)

also works to develop the endometrium of the uterus

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9
Q

estrogen hormone type

A

steroid

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10
Q

estrogen source

A

secreted by the ovaries during the menstrual cycle

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11
Q

aldosterone raises […] by causing […]

A

Raises blood volume and pressure by causing reabsorption of water and sodium into blood (from the kidneys)

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12
Q

aldosterone promotes […] excretion out of the blood

A

promotes potassium and hydrogen ion excretion out of the blood

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13
Q

aldosterone hormone type

A

steroid

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14
Q

aldosterone source

A

adrenal cortex

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15
Q

cortisol function

A

a stress hormone that increases glucose availability for the fight-or-flight response

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16
Q

cortisol hormone type

A

steroid

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17
Q

cortisol source

A

adrenal cortex

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18
Q

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) function

A

stimulates follicle maturation in female ovaries

triggers spermatogenesis in male testes

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19
Q

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) hormone type

A

peptide

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20
Q

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) source

A

anterior pituitary

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21
Q

Luteinizing hormone (LH) function

A

stimulates ovulation and development of the corpus luteum in females

stimulates testosterone synthesis in males

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22
Q

Luteinizing hormone (LH) hormone type

A

peptide

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23
Q

Luteinizing hormone (LH) source

A

anterior pituitary

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24
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) function

A

causes the adrenal cortex to increase the level of cortisol being secreted into the blood

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25
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) hormone type
peptide
26
**Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)** source
**anterior pituitary** (release of CRF from the hypothalamus stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete ACTH)
27
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) function
stimulates the thyroid to produce thyroid hormones (T4 and T3)
28
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) hormone type
peptide
29
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) source
In the HPT axis, release of TRH (thyroid-releasing hormone) from the hypothalamus stimulates the **anterior pituitary** to release TSH
30
what is the HPT axis
hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis
31
prolactin function
stimulates milk production (in mammary glands) and secretion
32
prolactin hormone type
peptide
33
prolactin source
Secreted from the **anterior pituitary**
34
Growth hormone (GH) stimulates [...] and raises [...] levels
stimulates **bone and muscle growth** and raises **blood glucose** levels
35
growth hormone (GH) hormone type
peptide
36
growth hormone source
Secreted from the **anterior pituitary**
37
**Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) / Vasopressin** increases [...] stimulates [...] by [...]
Increases **blood pressure** stimulates **water reabsorption in kidneys** by **increasing the permeability of the collecting duct**
38
ADH/vasopression is secreted in response to [...]
secreted in response to increased plasma osmolarity, or increased concentration of solutes within the blood
39
**Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) / Vasopressin** source
hypothalamus → → secreted from the **posterior pituitary** secreted in response to increased plasma osmolarity, or increased concentration of solutes within the blood
40
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) / Vasopressin hormone type
peptide
41
**oxytocin** function
stimulates uterine contractions during labor and milk secretion during lactation; may also promote bonding behaviour
42
oxytocin hormone type
peptide
43
**oxytocin** source
Secreted from the **posterior pituitary**
44
insulin lowers [...] concentrations and increases [...] such as [..]
lowers **blood glucose** concentrations and increases **anabolic processes** such as **fat and protein synthesis**
45
**insulin** source
secreted from **β-cells** in the **pancreas**
46
insulin | hormone type
peptide
47
glucagon function
secreted during times of fasting (when “glucose” is "gone") to raise blood glucose concentrations stimulates degradation of protein and fat, conversion of glycogen to glucose, and production of new glucose via gluconeogenesis
48
glucagon hormone type
peptide
49
glucagon source
secreted from the **αlpha-cells** of the **pancreas**
50
Somatostatin function
suppresses secretion of glucagon and insulin
51
somatostatin hormone type
peptide
52
**Parathyroid hormone (PTH)** function
**increase calcium levels in blood** decrease calcium in bone decrease calcium secretion by kidneys increase calcium absorption in gut also resorbs **phosphate** from bone and reduces reabsorption of phosphate in the kidney
53
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) source
Secreted from the **parathyroid glands** on the back of the thyroid
54
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) hormone type
peptide
55
melatonin
source: pineal gland controls circadian rhythms
56
what is secreted by the hypothalamus?
GnRH: gonadotropin releasing hormone GHRH: growth hormone releasing hormone TRH: thyrotropin releasing hormone CRH: corticotropin releasing hormone dopamine ADH: antidiuretic hormone oxytocin
57
gonadotropin releasing hormone
stimulates synthesis and secretion of FSH and LH
58
what is secreted by the **pancreas?**
insulin (beta cells) glucagon (alpha cells) somatostatin (delta cells)
59
what is secreted by the pineal gland
melatonin
60
what is secreted by the adrenal cortex?
glucocorticoids (cortisol) mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) androgens (male sex hormone)
61
what is secreted by the adrenal medulla?
catecholamines: epinephrine and norepinephrine
62
what is secreted by the **anterior pituitary?**
**"FLAT PEG"** FSH LH ACTH TSH Prolactin Endorphins GH
63
what is secreted by the **posterior pituitary?**
ADH (antidiuretic hormone / vasopressin) oxytocin
64
what is secreted by the thyroid?
T4 and T3 → increase basal metabolic rate calcitonin
65
calcitonin
**increases calcium in bone** **decreases calcium in blood** decreases calcium absorption by gut increases calcium excretion by kidneys (basically opposite of PTH)
66
epinephrine and norepinephrine
**FIGHT OR FLIGHT response** increase blood glucose concentrations increases heart rate dilates bronchi
67
erythropoietin
stimulates bone marrow to produce erythrocytes
68
thymosin
stimulates t cell development
69
steps of menstruation
hypothalamus releases GTRH anterior pituitary gland releases FSH and LH FSH stimulates development of follicles the developing follicles secrete estrogen LH spike causes ovulation → 1 egg is released into f tubes the follicle that released the egg becomes the corpus luteum which releases progesterone + more estrogen if egg is fertilized, the embryo secretes HCG which keeps corpus luteum alive if egg is not ferlized, corpus luteum degrades and cycle restarts

Review (28 decks)

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