AAMC FL 1 Flashcards
cyanide
a chemical compounds with the following functional group:
cyanohydrin
what type of bond are disulphide bridges
covalent
disulphide bridges
when a covalent bonds if formed between two –SH groups that lost their hydrogens to for S–S
where does phosphorylation occur?
at free hydroxyls (–OH)
which amino acids can be phosphorylated?
those with OH groups
serine, threonine, tyrosine
carbohydrate carbon numbering
reducing vs nonreducing end of a sugar
the reducing end has an OH with a neighbouring O
it will be itself oxidized (lose an H) and form a double bond with the adjacent O
glycogenesis pathway
the formation of glycogen from glucose monomers
glucose → glucose 6P → glucose 1P → UDP-glucose → glycogen
linkage between linear glucose molecules in glycogen
alpha-1,4
maltose
2 glucose monomers linked tight via alpha-1,6 glycosidic bond
linkage to form new branches in glycogen
alpha-1,6
phosphatase
an enzyme that removes a phosphate group from a protein
kinase
adds phosphates to other molecules, such as sugars or proteins
gel electrophoresis types
separates molecules based on size and charge
native PAGE
SDS PAGE
reducing SDS PAGE
native PAGE
polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
proteins are separated in their native conformation (still folded / not denatured) by size and charge
SDS PAGE
PAGE where proteins have been exposed to SDS (a detergent which denatures them, gives all proteins a negative charge)
all proteins then travel in the same direction and are separated by size only
gamma ray
high-energy (high frequency) photons; no charge
lowers the energy of the parent nucleus without changing the mass number or the atomic number
gamma decay
a gamma ray is emitted; the high energy nucleus is converted into a more stable nucleus
beta (negative) decay
an electron (beta particle) is emitted
beta (positive) decay
a position (beta + particle) is emitted
what is a positron
has the mass of an electron but carries a positive charge
alpha decay
electron capture
mass # remains the same; atomic number decreases by 1
radioactive decay
a naturally occurring spontaneous decay of certain nuclei accompanied by the emission of specific particles
Watt units
joules / second
thin lens equation
magnification formula
m = -i/o
Ohm’s Law
V = IR
voltage = current x resistance
ohm units
voltage / amps
(think V = IR, where R is in Ohm’s → R = V/I = volts/amps)
Power formula
P = W / t = ΔE / t
Power SI units
Watts
= joules / sec
joules units
what does NAD stand for?
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
which molecules can enter the cell via simple diffusion?
gases
hydrophobic molecules (no matter the size)
small polar, uncharged molecules (ex. h2o)
ATPase
a group of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of ATP to form ADP +Pi
oligosaccharide
a carbohydrate whose molecules are composed of a relatively small number of monosaccharide units
cofactors
inorganic ions that assist an enzyme in its catalytic activity
enzyme specificity
how restrictive an enzyme is in its choice of substrate
assay specificity vs sensitivity
specificity → ability to measure a specific thing/reaction etc.
sensitivity → ability to measure a SMALL amount of that thing/reactants tc.
how are the nucleotides connected in a DNA strand (5’ to 3’)
a phosphodiester bond forms between phosphate (attached to the 5’ carbon of the sugar closer to the 3’ end of the strand) and the 3’ carbon of the next sugar (closer to the 5’ end of the strand)
lipid rafts
specialized regions within the cell membrane that are rich in cholesterol and other particular lipid types
more rigid than the rest of the membrane
can move within the membrane
