AAMC FL3 C/P Flashcards
Doppler equation
if someone is moving towards a stationary sound source, how doe the perceived frequency change
frequency is increases because (v + vo) / v > 1
if someone is moving away from a stationary sound source, how does the perceived frequency change
frequency decreases because (v - vo) / v < 1
if a sound source is moving towards a stationary person, how does the perceived frequency change
frequency increases because v / (v - vs) > 1
if a sound source is moving away from a stationary person, how does the perceived frequency change
frequency decreases because v / (v + vs) < 1
1 joule =
1 newton x meter
1 watt =
1 joule / second
(work / time)
uniform electric field
a field in which the value of the field strength remains the same at all points
resistance and conductivity relationship
they are inversely related!
resistance units
ohm’s
period vs frequency
period → seconds per cycle
frequency → cycles / second
newton units
transferase
enzymes that catalyse the transfer of specific functional groups (e.g. a methyl or glycosyl group) from one molecule to another (donor to acceptor)
nucleotide vs nucleoside
Nucleosides → nitrogenous base + a five-carbon carbohydrate group (usually ribose)
Nucleotides → a nucleoside with one or more phosphate groups attached
what is this structure called
heme group
michaelis menton plot
x-axis → substrate concentration
y-axis → INITIAL reaction rate (before the reverse reaction occurs)
why do we use smaller enzyme concentrations than substrate concentrations to measure enzyme kinetics?
enzyme kinetics involves seeing how the substrate concentration affects the initial reaction rate
if we have more enzyme than substrate, each trial would be the same
what is a heme?
a porphyrin ring with iron in the center
hydroxylation
that addition of a hydroxyl group onto a compound
hydrolase
enzymes that catalyze hydrolysis (cleave bonds by adding water)
ligase
enzyme that catalyzes bond formation between 2 (larger) molecules
transferase enzyme
catalyze the transfer of a functional group (amine, carboxyl, carbonyl, methyl, acyl, etc.) from one molecule to another
lyase enzyme
catalyzes the breaking of various chemical bonds by means other than hydrolysis and oxidation
standard Gibb’s free energy (derived from Keq)
Standard free energy of a reaction
the free energy change that occurs when the ruction is carried out under standard state conditions
if current pH is BELOW the pKa ….
the proton is attached to the molecule still
if current pH is ABOVE the pKa ….
the proton has been released from the molecule into solution
as pH rises, molecules are being more readily _______ (protonated/deprotonated)
deprotonated
they lose their H+ ions to solution to interact with the available base
isoelectric point
the pH of a solution at which the net charge of a protein becomes zero
if pH < IP; protein is positively charged
if pH > IP; protein is negatively charged
FORMAL CHARGE
(# valence electrons in neutral/lone atom) – (# bonds + nonbonding electrons)
valence electrons in nitrogen
5
valence electrons in oxygen
6
valence electrons in carbon
4
what is Kw?
dissociation constant or ionization constant of water
1 x 10^-14 at 298K
stronger acid = ______ ka
larger
dissociates more readily
if ka > kb, the solution is _____ (acidic/basic)
acidic
if kb > ka, the solution is _____ (acidic/basic)
basic
aufbau principle
electrons fill lower-energy atomic orbitals before filling higher-energy ones
chelate
a compound containing a ligand (typically organic) bonded to a central metal atom at two or more points
celcius to Kelvin
K = C + 273
