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Review > Blueprint Half Length: P/S > Flashcards

Blueprint Half Length: P/S Flashcards

1
Q

independent variable

A

the variable the is being controlled and altered to see how it affects another variable

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2
Q

dependent variable

A

the variable that we are observing to see how it is affected by the independent variable

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3
Q

confounding variable

A

a variable that influences both the dependent variable and independent variable

makes the 2 variables seem related when they are not

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4
Q

mediating variable

A

explains why two things are related

the independent variable leads to the mediating variable which leads to th independent variable

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5
Q

moderating variable

A

a variable that affects the strength of the relationship between the independent and dependent variable

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6
Q

five main ways to increase the power of an experiment/study

A
  • increase the alpha level
  • decrease random error
  • conduct a one-tailed test
  • expand the sample size
  • increase the effect size
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7
Q

alpha / significance level

A

the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is actually true

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8
Q

random error

A

error that occurs due to chance

there is always some variability when a measurement is made

may be caused by slight fluctuations in an instrument, the environment, or the way a measurement is read, that do not cause the same error every time

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9
Q

effect size

A

tells you how meaningful the relationship between variables or the difference between groups is

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10
Q

one-tailed vs two-tailed effect

A

one-tailed: a directional hypothesis, points to what direction the effect will appear in
two-tailed: predicts that the independent variable will have an effect on the dependent variable, but the direction of the effect is not specified

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11
Q

list the types of social support (5)

A

emotional
esteem
informational
tangible/instrumental
companionship

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12
Q

companionship support

A

the type of support that gives someone a sense of social belonging

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13
Q

emotional support

A

the actions that people take that make us feel loved and cared for; involves listening and empathizing

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14
Q

instrumental/tangible support

A

support in the form of financial assistance, material goods, or services (ex. help with childcare, offering a ride, bringing dinner when you are sick, etc)

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15
Q

informational support

A

support in the form of helpful information or words of advice

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16
Q

esteem support

A

any support that helps lift someone’s self-esteem; words of encouragement

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17
Q

-phile meaning

A

to love / admire something

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18
Q

homophily

A

the tendency of individuals to associate and bond with others similar to oneself

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19
Q

implicit bias

A

when we have attitudes towards people or associate stereotypes with them without our conscious knowledge

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20
Q

confirmation bias

A

the tendency to search for, interpret, favor, and recall information in a way that confirms or supports one’s prior beliefs or values

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21
Q

acetylcholine

A

in PNS, voluntary muscle control and parasympathetic nervous system

in CNS, linked to attention and arousal/alertness

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22
Q

catecholamines

A

inclues epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine

all play an important role in emotion

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23
Q

monoamines or biogenic amines

A

inclues epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, AND serotonin; due to similarities in molecular composition

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24
Q

epinephrine and norepinephrine

A

both involved in controlling alertness and wakefulness

primary neurotransmitters of the sympathetic nervous system (fight-or-flight)

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25
Q

epinephrine

A

also known as adrenaline

usually is secreted from the adrenal medulla to act systemically as a horome

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26
Q

norepinephrine

A

also known as noradrenaline

usually acts locally as a neurotransmitter

low levels are associated with depression, high levels are associated with anxiety and mania

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27
Q

dopamine

A

smooth movement and posture

high concentrations in basal ganglia

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28
Q

dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia

A

delusions, hallucinations, and agitation associated with schizophrenia arise from too much dopamine or an oversensitivity to dopamine in the brain

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29
Q

dopamine and Parkinson’s disease

A

Parkinson’s disease is associated with a loss of dopominergic neurons in the basal ganglia; results in resting tremors, jerky movements, and unstable posture

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30
Q

serotonin

A

regulates mood, eating, sleeping, and dreaming; too much serotonin might produce mania, too little serotonin might produce depression

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31
Q

GABA

A

produces inhibitory post-synaptic potentials by hyperpolarizing the postsynaptic membrane; stabilizes neural activity in the brain

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32
Q

glycine

A

a proteinogenic amino acid that also acts as an INHIBITORY neurotransmitter in the CNS (by increasing chloride influce into the neuron to hyperpolarize the postsynaptic membrane)

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33
Q

glutamate

A

a proteinogenic amino acid that also acts as an EXCITATORY neurotransmitter in the CNS

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34
Q

neuromodulators / neuropeptides

A

peptides that act in neurotransmission

involve a more complicated chain of events that regular neurotransmitters, relatively slow with longer effects on postsynaptic cells

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35
Q

endorphins

A

natural painkillers produced in the brain; a type of neuropeptide

have actions similar to morphine and other opioids

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36
Q

Piaget’s stages describe…

A

the cognitive development of a child

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37
Q

Kholberg’s stages describe…

A

the moral development and thought process stages of people (throughout the entire lifespan)

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38
Q

Maslow’s hierarchy describes…

A

describes the stages of motivation based on our needs, we are not motivated towards a higher need until the lower more basic ones are satisfied

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39
Q

Freud stages describe…

A

stages of psychosexual development which describes the erogenous zone that is driving behaviour in each stage

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40
Q

cultural capital

A

refers to how “cultured” you are - dressing well, speaking eloquently, interest in arts/music, education level, etc. These qualities are respected by society and imply high social status.

knowledge that helps you in social world (ex. Golf, a lot of business is done playing golf)

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41
Q

social capital

A

refers to the benefit of certain social circles

Ex. rich/successful people tend to have rich/successful friends

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42
Q

social reproduction

A

the transfer of societal values/norms from one generation to the next; often relates to how inequality tends to transfer from one generation to the next

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43
Q

cultural transmission

A

the transfer of cultural elements from one generation to the next; ex. a parent passing on their taste in music to their children

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44
Q

exchange mobility

A

suggests that societal classes are in “equilibrium”

if an x amount of people move up from lower class to higher class, then an x amount of people will also fall from the higher class to the lower class

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45
Q

the looking glass self

A

the process wherein individuals base their sense of self on how they believe others view them

can be either positive or negative, depending on how they believe others view them

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46
Q

formal social sanction

A

a rule enforced by a government, like a fine or imprisonment

47
Q

depersonalization

A

when someone feels like they have stepped outside of themselves and are watching themselves as an outsider with no sense of control over their own behavior

a persistent or recurring feeling of being detached from one’s body or mental processes

48
Q

stigma

A

when someone sees you in a negative way because of a particular characteristic or attribute (ex. skin colour)

49
Q

globalization

A

the sharing of culture, money and products between countries

spurred by the improvement in global communication technology

decreases geographical constraints on social and cultural exchanges

50
Q

recency effect

A

the tendency to remember items, ideas, or arguments that came last more clearly than those that came earlier

51
Q

serial position effect

A

the tendency of a person to recall the first and last items in a series best, and the middle items worst

52
Q

cognitive bias

A

when our personal experience or preferences affect how we think about, view, and even experience things

53
Q

functionalism

A

a theory based on the premise that all aspects of a society—institutions, roles, norms, etc. — serve a purpose and that all are necessary for the long-term survival of the society

54
Q

conflict theory

A

a theory that society is in a state of perpetual conflict because of competition for limited resources

says that social order is maintained by domination and power, rather than by consensus and conformity

55
Q

symbolic interactionism

A

the theory that people’s actions are based on the meanings they assign to things, which can differ depending on the person and can change over time

56
Q

anterograde memory

A

memories that are formed after an event (ex. a stroke)

57
Q

retrograde memory

A

memories that were made prior to an event (ex. stroke)

58
Q

procedural memory

A

a type of implicit (unconscious) memory of how to do certain tasks or skills

ex. remembering how to tie your shoes or ride a bike

59
Q

implicit memory

A

automatic memory

the information that we do not store purposely and is unintentionally memorized

60
Q

explicit memory

A

the conscious, intentional recollection of factual information, previous experiences, and concepts

(you can EXPLICITLY point to a moment where you formed this memory)

61
Q

semantic memory

A

general world knowledge and facts that we have accumulated throughout our lives

62
Q

episodic memory

A

memory of life events and personal experiences

63
Q

main functions of the parietal lobe

A

integrates sensory information to form a single perception (cognition)

constructs a spatial coordinate system to represent the external world

(contains the somatosensory cortex)

64
Q

reticular formation

A

responsible for regulating arousal and sleep-wake transitions

65
Q

primary motor cortex

A

involved in the planning, control, and execution of voluntary movements

66
Q

Broca’s area

A

responsible for speech production

67
Q

Wernicke’s Area

A

responsible for language comprehension

68
Q

self-identity / self-concept

A

how someone view or defines themselves; the overarching idea we have about who we are—physically, emotionally, socially, spiritually, etc.

69
Q

self-awareness

A

the ability to recognize oneself as an individual separate from the environment and other individuals

70
Q

self-esteem

A

someone’s sense of personal worth or abilities; confidence

71
Q

self-efficacy

A

an individual’s belief in their capacity to reach specific goals

72
Q

discrimination

A

when prejudiced attitudes are acted upon, leading to unfair treatment of individuals

73
Q

nepotism

A

getting favorable treatment due to personal family connections

74
Q

acutre stressor

A

a stressor that is present over a short period of time

75
Q

micro-stressor

daily stressor

A

small daily hassles like dealing with traffic or irritating coworkers

76
Q

crisis stressors

catasrophic stressorts

A

a sudden, rare occurrence such as a natural disaster or war that causes a person a great deal of stress

77
Q

ambient stressors

A

chronic environmental stressors that cannot be changed (or are perceived as unchangeable) by the efforts of the individual subject to them

ex. economy and climate change

78
Q

behavioural extinction

A

the gradual weakening of a conditioned response due to the absense of reinforcement

results in the behavior decreasing or disappearing

79
Q

self-actualization

A

the process by which an individual reaches their full potential; the peak of Maslows hierarchy of needs

80
Q

learned helplessness

A

when an individual continuously faces a negative, uncontrollable situation and stops trying to change their circumstances, even when they have the ability to do so

Ex. if someone is doing bad at math even after studying, they may stop studying thinking that they are helpless and there is no point in trying

81
Q

reinforcement

A

increase/maintain a behaviour

82
Q

punishment

A

descrease behaviour

83
Q

positive reinforcement

A

add pleasant stimulus to increase positive behaviour

84
Q

positive punishment

A

add stimulus to decrease bad behaviour/experience

taking advil to remove headache; getting out of bed to avoid alarm

85
Q

negative reinforcement

A

remove something unpleasant to increase a behaviour

86
Q

negative punishment

A

remove pleasant stimulus to decrease negative behaviour

taking a way TV time when a kid is bad

87
Q

self-perception

A

the view we have of ourself

includes both self-concept and self-esteem

88
Q

cerebellum function

A

maintain balance
coordinate movement

89
Q

loss of neurons in the cerebellum can lead to…

A

Parkinson’s disease

characterized by uncontrollable movements, shakiness, and difficulty with balance and coordination

90
Q

pre-frontal cortex function

A

executive function (planning, decision making, working and short-term memory, etc.)

91
Q

mesolimbic pathway

A

the “reward pathway”

releases dopamine in response to rewarding stimuli to reinforce behaviors

92
Q

occipital lobe

A

responsible for visual perception, including colour, form and motion

93
Q

common neurotransmitter of the sympathetic nervous system

A

epinephrine (adrenaline)

94
Q

sympathetic nervous system is part of which branch of PNS?

A

autonomic

95
Q

somatosensory cortex

A

receiving and processing sensory information from across the body

96
Q

basal ganglia

A

ensures that voluntary movements can be performed smoothly

control and regulation of the motor and premotor cortical areas

97
Q

the bystander effect

A

a phenomenon where individuals do not offer help to a victim when other people are present

98
Q

deindividuation

A

the perceived loss of individuality and personal responsibility that can occur when someone participates as part of a group

ex. mob mentality

99
Q

conformity

A

when someone adjusts their thoughts or behaviours to coincide with a group standard (to conform to the group)

100
Q

groupthink

A

when the desire for harmony or conformity within a group results in irrational or dysfunctional decision-making

because nobody wants to question or oppose the group

101
Q

kidney function

A

maintain fluid and ion balance (osmoregulation)

102
Q

thymus

A

a specialized organ of the immune system where T cells mature

103
Q

amygdala

A

major processing center for emotions

links your emotions to many other brain abilities, especially memories and learning

104
Q

adrenal gland

A

releases MANY hormones

including aldosterone, cortisol, sex hormones, epinephrine, and more…

105
Q

adrenaline is also called…

A

epinephrine

106
Q

Weber’s Law

A

the just-noticeable difference is directly proportional to the percent change in the original stimulus

107
Q

just-noticeable difference

A

the change required to perceive a difference from an initial stimulus

108
Q

aversive conditioning

A

a behavioral conditioning technique in which noxious stimuli are associated with undesirable or unwanted behaviors

ex. if an activity makes you sick (even if the sickness is unrelated to the activity), you will not like that activity

109
Q

conditioned stimulus

A

a previously neutral stimulus that, after becoming associated with an unconditioned stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned response

110
Q

habituation

A

a decreased response to a stimulus after a prolonged exposure (ex. no longer noticing a ticking clock after a while)

operant conditioning

111
Q

operant conditioning

A

the association of punishments or rewards with the increase or decrease of a behaviour

112
Q

classical conditioning

A

pavlov’s dog

natural stimulus + neutral stimulus = reaction
conditioned (previously neutral) stimulus = reaction

113
Q

social cues

A

verbal or non-verbal signals expressed through the face, body, voice, motion

guide conversations as well as other social interactions by influencing our impressions of and responses to others

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