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Review > Blueprint FL 2: P/S > Flashcards

Blueprint FL 2: P/S Flashcards

1
Q

parallel play

A

a form of play in which children play adjacent to each other and observing each other, but not actually playing together or interacting

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2
Q

assimilation

A

occurs when an individual from one culture gradually takes on characteristics of another culture

the individual seeks to interact with the new culture and reject the native culture

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3
Q

separation

in terms of culture

A

the opposite of assimilation

rejecting the new culture and maintaining the native culture

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4
Q

prejudice

A

an unfavorable opinion or feeling formed beforehand or without knowledge, thought, or reason (usually based on stereotypes)

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5
Q

socialization

A

the process of internalizing the social norms and values expected in one’s society

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6
Q

What is the James-Lange theory of emotion?

A

stimulus → physiological response → emotion

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7
Q

What is the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion?

A

stimulus → physiological response + emotion

physiological experiences and emotion occur simultaneously

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8
Q

What is the Schachter-Singer theory of emotion?

A

stimulus → physiological response + the cognitive interpretation of response → emotion

S + S = sensation + solve

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9
Q

What is the Lazarus theory of emotion?

A

stimulus → cognitive labelling/interpretation of event → physiological response + emotion

“Lazarus Labels first”

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10
Q

Lazarus theory of emotion could also be called…

A

the cognitive appraisal theory of emotion

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11
Q

what are the 4 stages of cognitive development?

A

sensori-motor

pre-operational

concrete operational

formal operational

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12
Q

what ages are associated with the sensory-motor stage

A

0-2

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13
Q

what ages are associated with the pre-operational stage

A

2-7

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14
Q

what ages are associated with the concrete operational stage

A

7-11

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15
Q

what ages are associated with the formal operational stage

A

11+

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16
Q

sensory motor stage

A

coordination of sense with motor responses

sensory curiosity of the world

object permanence is developed

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17
Q

key milestone of sensory motor stage

A

the development of object permanence

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18
Q

pre-operational stage

A

symbolic functions and intuitive thoughts

lots of pretend play

cannot apply specific cognitive operations

learn that words, gestures, etc. have symbolic meaning

egocentric → think others see the world like we do

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19
Q

key milestone of the pre-operational stage

A

conservation

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20
Q

concrete operational

A

can think logically about the world

concrete cognitive operations (ex. sorting objects)

learn conservation

learn some math

can use deductive logic

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21
Q

formal operational

A

can think abstractly about the world

can consider hypothetical events

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22
Q

reliabilty

A

the extent to which the outcomes are consistent when the experiment is repeated

consistency

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23
Q

validity

A

the extent to which the tools of the experiment are measuring what you want them to measure

accuracy

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24
Q

reliability vs validity

bow and arrow

A
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25
Q

functionalism

functionalist theory

A

a theory based on the premise that all aspects of a society—institutions, roles, norms, etc. — serve a purpose and that all are necessary for the long-term survival of the society

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26
Q

conflict theory

A

a theory that society is in a state of perpetual conflict because of competition for limited resources

says that social order is maintained by domination and power, rather than by consensus and conformity

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27
Q

symbolic interactionism

A

the theory that people’s actions are based on the meanings they assign to things, which can differ depending on the person and can change over time

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28
Q

social stratification

A

a society’s categorization of its people into rankings based on factors like wealth, income, education, family background, and power

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29
Q

Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs

A

says that needs lower down in the hierarchy must be satisfied before individuals can attend to needs higher up

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30
Q

meaning of Maslows “self-actualization”

A

to achieve one’s full potential
ex. realizing your dreams, being true to yourself, and achieving inner peace

top of the pyramid of needs

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31
Q

Freuds theory of personality

A

the mind is divided into three components: id, ego, and superego

balance between the 3 is necessary for a healthy personality

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32
Q

Freud: ID

A

the impulsive part of your personality that is driven by pleasure and repulsed by pain

present from birth

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33
Q

Freud: superego

A

the judgmental and morally correct part of your personality

operates on ideals and morals

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34
Q

Freud: ego

A

the conscious part of your personality that mediates between the desires of the id and the super-ego and makes decisions

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35
Q

ID, ego, superego

which are conscious vs unconcious

A

ego: elements of both
superego: elements of both, mostly preconscious
ID: entirely uncoscious

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36
Q

cognitive dissonance

A

occurs when a person’s behavior and beliefs do not complement each other

or when someone holds two contradictory beliefs

leads to a mental toll and sometimes a change in beliefs or behaviours

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37
Q

ethnocentrism

A

measuring or judging one’s own culture against another culture

the belief that one’s own cultural rules are the best and often better than another culture’s rules

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38
Q

cultural relativism

A

the idea that a person’s beliefs and practices should be understood based on the context of that person’s own culture

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39
Q

altruism

A

doing good for others even if it comes at an expense or risk to ourselves

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40
Q

health disparities

A

preventable differences in health that are experienced by socially disadvantaged populations

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41
Q

folkways

A

social norms that govern everyday behavior; don’t necessarily represent moral views; less strict than mores; common rules or manners

ex. covering your mouth when you cough, wearing covered shoes to a restaurant

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42
Q

mores

A

moral standards that determine right and wrong

some mores are illegal to break, while others may hust be offensive to most people of that culture

examples: lying, stealing, gossiping, bullying, and trespassing

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43
Q

taboos

A

strong negative norms that are considered completely unacceptable by a culture

ex. incest, cannabalism

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44
Q

rank the types of norms from least to most important not to break…

A

folkways < mores < taboos

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45
Q

Experimental design

A

a study where we test to prove a causal relationship between an independent variable and dependent variable; participants are randomly assigned to different groups or levels of the independent variable and analyzed under controlled conditions

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46
Q

Longitudinal study

A

a study that is conducted over a long period of time, usually uses a specific cohort of people

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47
Q

Retrospective study:

A

observational study type where we look back at information in the past to try and find a trend between events in the past and current outcomes

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48
Q

Prospective study:

A

a study where we follow groups of people and see how their behavior in that time influence future outcomes

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49
Q

Mixed-method research design:

A

a study where you use both qualitative and quantitative measures to conduct your study

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50
Q

Cohort study design:

A

observational study where a cohort (group of people with a common characteristic) are chosen and followed over time to evaluate for the occurrence of the outcome of interest

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51
Q

Case control design:

A

compare the “case” group (one with a given case/outcome, such as a disease) and the controls without the “case”

cannot establish causation, but attempt to find correlations between past events and the current state

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52
Q

Between-subjects design

A

participants are randomly assigned to ONE experimental group in the study, while the other participants are assigned to another

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53
Q

Within-subjects design:

A

each participant is exposed to every level of the independent variable

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54
Q

two advantages of within-subjects design

A
  1. increased power (because the “number of participants” increases as each participant is used twice)
  2. a reduction in error variance associated with individual differences; each subject serves as their own control
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55
Q

social desirability bias

A

when respondents give answers that they believe will make them look good to others, concealing their true opinions or experiences

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56
Q

test-retest bias

A

when participants respond or behave differently if retested, based on information gained during the first test

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57
Q

researcher bias

A

when the researcher’s beliefs or expectations influence the research design or data collection process

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58
Q

attrition bias

A

when a participant drops out of a long-term study or experiment

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59
Q

kinship of affinity

A

one in which individuals are related by choice, such as through marriage, rather than through blood

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60
Q

relationship between fertility rate and mortality rate

A

increased lifespan comes at the cost of reduced fertility

not sure why but OK

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61
Q

anomie

A

a social condition in which there is a disintegration or disappearance of the norms and values that were previously common to the society

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62
Q

heterogeneity

A

a word that signifies diversity

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63
Q

availability heuristic/bias

A

the tendency people have to rely on information that is easier to recall or more immediately available to them when faced with a decision

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64
Q

negativity bias

A

happens when the negative aspects of a situation are focused upon, rather than the positive aspects

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65
Q

self-serving bias

A

when a person interprets events in a way to bolster self-esteem

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66
Q

hippocampus main function

A

memory

spatial navigation

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67
Q

pre-frontal cortex main function

A

modulates higher-order (executive) cognitive process

(reasoning, problem solving, comprehension, impulse-control, creativity, perseverance, etc.)

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68
Q

external validity

A

the extent to which the findings of a study are generalizable to a population as a whole

Typically, this involves issues regarding the size and representativeness of the sample

69
Q

internal validity

A

the extent to which causal conclusions can be drawn from a study

were confounding variables accounted for?

70
Q

face validity

A

the extent to which a test is subjectively viewed to assess what it is intended to assess

71
Q

content validity

A

how well a measure/instrument/test assesses what researchers intend for it to assess

72
Q

fMRI

full name

A

fuctional magnetic resonance imaging

73
Q

fMRI

function / method

A

a variation of MRI that monitors blood flow and O2 consumption in the brain to identify areas of high activity

74
Q

nucleus accumbens

A

the neural interface between motivation and action

an important component of the mesolimbic pathway (reward pathway)

75
Q

MRI function

A

produces 3D images of structures within the body; does not indicate activity

76
Q

amygdala

A

major processing center for emotions

links emotions to many other brain abilities (memories, learning, etc.)

77
Q

white matter

brain

A

the axon bundles in the brain

provide communication between the different grey matter areas

78
Q

grey matter

brain

A

areas where the actual “processing” is done

neuronal cell bodies and their dendrites

79
Q

CT

full name

A

computerized tomography

80
Q

CT scan

A

combines a series of X-ray images taken from different angles

images with horizontal slices of the brain are generated

relatively inexpensive

81
Q

PET scan

full name

A

positron emission tomography

82
Q

PET scan

A

can also examine brain function, mapping activity over time

uses radioactively tagged chemicals introduced in brain as markers of blood flow/metabolic activity

Provides color-coded map indicating which areas are active during certain stimuli

83
Q

PONs function

A

part of your brainstem - many unconscious functions!

sleep-wake cycle, breathing, coordinates facial movements, hearing and balance

relays signals from the forebrain to the cerebellum

a sensory relay center for the thalamus and coordinates facial movements

a pathway for sensory information between the brain and the rest of the body

84
Q

thinning

operant conditioning

A

reducing the frequency of rewards for a given action

85
Q

fading

operant conditioning

A

reducing the frequency of prompts for a given action, until the promt is no longer needed

86
Q

mediating variable

A

explains why two things are related

the independent variable leads to the mediating variable which leads to th independent variable

87
Q

moderating variable

A

a variable that affects the strength of the relationship between the independent and dependent variable

88
Q

independent variable

A

the variable the is being controlled and altered to see how it affects another variable

89
Q

dependent variable

A

the variable that we are observing to see how it is affected by the independent variable

90
Q

confounding variable

A

a variable that influences both the dependent variable and independent variable

91
Q

interference

in memory

A

a phenomenon in which some memories interfere with the retrieval of other memories

92
Q

amnesia

A

memory loss

93
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

can’t recall memories that were formed before the event that caused the amnesia

94
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

a type of memory loss that occurs when you can’t form new memories

95
Q

retrograde interference

A

when new memories or knowledge interfere with retrieval of old memories

96
Q

proactive interference

A

when older memories inhibit the consolidation or retrieval of new memories

97
Q

role strain

A

involves stress from too many demands within a single role

Competing demands within the same social role

98
Q

role conflict

A

involves competing expectations between two roles held by same person

99
Q

role exit

A

when an individual disengages from/leaves a role

100
Q

inclusive fitness

A

the sum of direct (personal) fitness and indirect fitness of the organism

101
Q

direct fitness

A

the number of offspring the individual procreates

102
Q

indirect fitness

A

the number of offspring begotten by the genetic relatives of the individual

103
Q

list the first 4 stages in order

A

trust vs mistrust

104
Q

list the last 4 stages in order

A

identity vs confusion (teen age 12-18)
intimacy vs isolation (young adult age 18-40)
generativity vs stagnation (middle age 40-65)
integrity vs despair (

105
Q

What stage is a senior in? (65+)

Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development

A

Integrity vs Despair

106
Q

acetylcholine

A

in PNS, voluntary muscle control and parasympathetic nervous system

in CNS, linked to attention and arousal/alertness

107
Q

dopamine

A

smooth movement and posture

pleasure- and reward-oriented behaviors

high concentrations in basal ganglia

108
Q

Parkinson’s disease is typically caused by…

A

a loss of dopominergic neurons in the basal ganglia (in the substantia nigra)

109
Q

Schizophrenia is typically caused by…

A

abnormally high levels of dopamine or an oversensitivity to dopamine in the brain

110
Q

Alzheimer’s disease is typically caused by…

A

the loss of cholinergic neurons that produce acetylcholine

111
Q

What is Korsakoff’s syndrome charecterized by?

A

confusion and memory loss

112
Q

Korsakoff’s syndrome is caused by…

A

reduced levels of vitamin B1 (thiamine)

113
Q

neurotransmitter agonist

A

simulate or enhance the regular effect of the neutrotransmitter

114
Q

neurotransmitter antagonist

A

decrease or prevent the effect of the neurotransmitter

115
Q

general adaptation syndrome

A

describes the body’s short-term and long-term reactions to stress

It has three stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion.

involves the nervous system and the endocrine system

116
Q

three stages of general adaptation syndrome

A

alarm
resistance
exhaustion

117
Q

activation-synthesis theory

A

the theory that dreams are just the brain trying to make sense of the random brain impulses that occur during our sleep

118
Q

alarm stage of GAP

A

provides a burst of energy to help deal with the stressor

119
Q

resistance stage of GAP

A

body attempts to “resist” or adapt to the stressor

120
Q

exaustion stage of GAP

A

if the stressor does not go away, our body will be drained of the rquired physical, emotional, and mental resources to the point where your body is no longer able to cope with stress

121
Q

house money effect

A

the theory that people tend to take on greater risk when reinvesting profit earned through an initial investment because the new money is not viewed as “their own money” anymore

122
Q

the Gambler’s fallacy

A

when an individual falsely believes that a certain random event is less likely or more likely to happen based on the outcome of a previous event or series of events

123
Q

the prisoners dilemma

A

a paradox in decision analysis in which two individuals acting in their own self-interests do not produce the optimal outcome

124
Q

general strain theory

A

suggests that people who have experienced negative events feel negative emotions, which lead to negative behaviors

suggests that crime and bad behaviour is caused by the presence of negative emotions

125
Q

anomie theory

A

says that individuals who experience weakened social values are less likely to behave in ways that are helpful to that society

126
Q

social cognitive theory

A

says that people learn by watching and modelling others

if they see that someone is rewarded for a behavior, they are more likely to behave that way too

127
Q

primary aging

A

the inevitable loss of function that occurs no matter what we do

128
Q

secondary aging

A

the loss of function accelerated by lifestyle and other factors, such as diet and exercise

129
Q

marginalization

A

when a person or groups of people are less able to do things or access basic services or opportunities than others

130
Q

integration

in terms of culture

A

the process by which separate groups or cultures are combined into a unified society

131
Q

sensory memory

A

memory that allows you to remember sensory information after the stimulation has ended

132
Q

short-term memory

A

allows you to recall specific information for a brief period

longer lasting than sensory memory but shorter lasting than long-term memory

133
Q

working memory

A

involves the immediate and small amount of information that a person actively uses as they perform cognitive tasks

134
Q

long term memory

A

the storage of memories on a scale ranging from hours to years

135
Q

episodic memory

A

the memory of past experiences or events

136
Q

flashbulb memory

A

the phenomenon of having an extremely detailed and vivid memory of an important or emotional experience

137
Q

semantic memory

A

general world knowledge that humans have accumulated throughout their lives

138
Q

implicit memory

A

the unconscious and unintentional recall of experiences or abilities

includes procedural memory

139
Q

procedural memory

A

memory of how to do different actions and skills

ex. tying your shoes

140
Q

explicit memory

A

the conscious, intentional recollection of factual information, previous experiences, and concepts

141
Q

optogenetics

A

a technique that uses light to control neurons that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels

142
Q

GABA

A

primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the nervous system

143
Q

acetylcholine

A

in PNS, voluntary muscle control and parasympathetic nervous system

in CNS, linked to attention and arousal/alertness

144
Q

epinephrine

A

also known as adrenaline

usually is secreted from the adrenal medulla to act systemically as a horome

145
Q

norepinephrine

A

also known as noradrenaline

usually acts locally as a neurotransmitter

low levels are associated with depression, high levels are associated with anxiety and mania

146
Q

serotonin

A

regulates mood, eating, sleeping, and dreaming

too much serotonin might produce mania

too little serotonin might produce depression

147
Q

glycine

A

a proteinogenic amino acid that also acts as an INHIBITORY neurotransmitter in the CNS

(by increasing chloride influce into the neuron to hyperpolarize the postsynaptic membrane)

148
Q

glutamate

A

a proteinogenic amino acid that also acts as an EXCITATORY neurotransmitter in the CNS

149
Q

lateral geniculate nucleus

A

a visual information relay center in the thalamus

detects and interprets information from the retina and passes it on to the primary visual cortex in the occipital lobe

150
Q

parietal lobe function

A

contains the somatosensory cortex

integrates multiple inputs of sensory information, from spatial sense and navigation (proprioception) to temperature (thermoreceptors) and touch (mechanoreceptors)

151
Q

subjective norms

A

determined by the perceived social pressure from others for an individual to behave in a certain manner and their motivation to comply with those people’s views

152
Q

locus of control

A

the degree to which people believe that they, as opposed to external forces, have control over the outcome of events in their lives

can be either internal or external

153
Q

confirmation bias

A

when a person seeks out or overemphasizes information that supports the beliefs they already hold

154
Q

reciprical determinism

A

human behavior and personality are caused by the interaction of behavior, cognition, and environment

our cognition effects our behaviour, which affects our environment. but our environment can also effect our cognition or behaviour. they are ALL related and have effects on another.

155
Q

positive reinforcement

A

add pleasant stimulus to increase positive behaviour

156
Q

positive punishment

A

add stimulus to decrease bad behaviour/experience

taking advil to remove headache; getting out of bed to avoid alarm

157
Q

negative reinforcement

A

remove something unpleasant to increase a behaviour

158
Q

negative punishment

A

remove pleasant stimulus to decrease negative behaviour

taking a way TV time when a kid is bad

159
Q

social loafing

A

a situation where an individual exerts less effort in a group setting than they would have independently/individually

160
Q

deindividuation

A

when people lose their sense of self in a group

often leads to people acting in ways they wouldn’t if alone

think “mob mentality”

161
Q

social facilitation

A

when people perform better in the presence of a group

162
Q

formal sanction

A

written and have official consequences of obeying or disobeying the law

163
Q

informal sanctions

A

any reaction a person might have to express approval or disapproval to an action regulated by norms

negative: shaming or ridicule
positive: applause

164
Q

features of an ideal bureaucracy

(5)

A

are impersonal and rational

employees are specialized

have a hierarchical structure

have explicit rules that are often written down

promote employees based on their skills and abilities, not based on kinship, friendship, etc.

165
Q

signal detection theory

A

explains the four possible reults when we make a decision when theres only 2 possible decisions to make

usually invovles discriminating between the presence or absence of a stimulus

166
Q

motion parallax

A

a monocular depth cue that causes objects that are closer to you to appear to move faster than objects that are further away

167
Q

feature detection

A

refers to the ability to detect motion, color, shape, timing, and size

168
Q

divided attention

A

the ability to attend to multiple stimuli at the same time

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