Blueprint Half Length: B/B Flashcards
histones
provides structural support for chromosomes
histone charge
positive
DNA is —– (+/-) charge
negatively charged
histone deacetylation
the histones wrap the DNA more tightly, which leads to less transcription or GENE SILENCING
histone acetylation
results in gene expression
histone methylation
results in gene silencing
m = “mutes”
list the type of cells involved in the immune response
white blood cells include:
transfection
the process of deliberately introducing nucleic acids into eukaryotic cells
cytokines
small proteins that signal growth or activity of immune system cells and blood cells
tight junctions
protein complexes that form the semi-permeable connections between cells
a feature of epithelial barriers
ploidy
refers to how many copies of each chromosome a cell has
diploid
2n
two sets of chromosomes
golgi apparatus function
to modify and package proteins for transport to their eventual destinations within the cell
lysosome function
a membrane-bound cell organelle that contains digestive enzymes
nucleolus
the area inside the nucleus where ribosomes are made
centrioles
cylindrical organelles composed mainly of a protein called tubulin
help arrange the mitotic spindles during cell division
the suffix -ose indicates what type of molecule
sugars (saccharides)
what is the DNA backbone comprised of?
deoxyribose sugars connected via phosphate groups
what is the part of DNA that gives it its negative charge?
the phosphate groups of the sugar-phosphate backbone
acetylcholine
an excitatory neurotransmitter involved in voluntary muscle control, the parasympathetic nervous system, attention, and alertness
gas chromatography
separates mixtures based primarily upon differences of boiling point and polarity
mass spectrometry
used to measure the mass-to-charge ratio of molecules by breaking the molecules into smaller ion fragments
thin-layer chromatography
separates molecules based on affinity to the adsorbent layer (stationary phase) vs the eluent (mobile phase)
size-exclusion chromatography
separates compounds based on their size; larger compounds exit first while smaller compounds exit later as they spend more time entering the pores of the packing
antigen
the part of the foreign particle the elicits an immune response in the body, especially the production of antibodies
antibody
part of the immune system that recognizes and binds to the antigens on foreing particles
sympathetic nervous system physiological responses
“fight or flight”
pupil dilation, increased heart rate, vasodilation in skeletal muscle, vasoconstriction in digestiive tract and inhibition of peristalsis
normal physiological pH
7.4
bicarbonate buffer system
ph greate than 7 indicates —-
basic
netural ph is —-
7
ph less than 7 indicates —–
acidic
Le Chatelier’s Principle
if a dynamic equilibrium is disturbed by changing the conditions, the position of equilibrium shifts to counteract the change to reestablish an equilibrium
ex. if we remove product, the reaction will shift to convert more reactants into product
which would cause acidosis (acidic blood)?
hypoventilation or hyperventilation
hypoventilation
CO2 builds up in the body and is converted to [H+] (because of the bicarb buffer)
alkalis
a subset of bases which can be dissolved in water
list the lipid soluble vitamins
A, D, E, K
list the water soluble vitamins
B, C
poly-A tail
a long chain of adenine nucleotides that is added to a mRNA molecule during RNA processing to increase the stability of the molecule
restriction enzymes
a protein that cleaves DNA sequences at sequence-specific sites, producing DNA fragments with a known sequence at each end
azide
kinase
enzymes that add phosphates to other molecules
list the 5 nitrogenous bases
isomerase
enzymes that convert a molecule from one isomer to another
osmosis
the movement of water molecules across a semi-permeable membrane from high water concentration to low water concentration
gallbladder function
stores and secretes bile into the small intestine
two divisions of PNS
somatic vs autonomic
somatic = voluntary actions; autonomic = involuntary actions
what is the colon?
the large intestine
colon function
absorb water and electrolytes from the remaining waste
3 divisions of the small intestine
what type of molecule is insulin
a peptide hormone
what are the 3 muscle types
which muscle types are striated?
cardiac and skeletal muscle
striated muscle
a muscle tissue that features repeating functional units called sarcomeres
which muscle types are multinucleated?
skeletal
which muscles are innervated by the somatic nervous system?
skeletal muscles
somatic = voluntary
which muscles are under autonomic control?
cardiac, smooth
autonomic = involuntary
which branch of the PNS include the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?
autonomic nervous system
can cholesterol pass through the cell membrane via simple diffusion?
YES! it will even be embedded
all steroid hormones are derivtives of what molecule?
cholesterol
humoral immunity
the aspect of immunity that is mediated by macromolecules (as opposed to cells)
2 basic divisions of the immune system
innate vs adaptive
two divisions of the adaptive immune system
humoral & cell-mediated
which cells are involed in the cell-mediated immune response?
T-cells
which cells are involed in the humoral immune response?
B-cells
what are immunoglobulins?
just another word for antibodies
humoral meaning
relating to bodily fluids
