AAMC FL4 C/P Flashcards
period vs frequency
Frequency → cycles per second
Period → seconds per cycle
frequency = 1 / period or period = 1 / frequency
phase diagram
how are photon energy and wavelength related?
energy of photon is inversely proportional to wavelength
High energy photon = low wavelength
Low energy photon = large wavelength
light refraction
the redirection of a wave as it passes from one medium to another
polarization of light
light diffraction
bending of waves around the corners of an obstacle
β- decay vs β+ decay
alpha decay
electron capture (type of decay)
gamma (γ) decay
conductors, resistors, and insulators
conductors → allow current to EASILY flow
resistors → can conduct electricity, but SLOW the current flow
insulator → allows NO current flow
mixed inhibition vs noncompetitive inhibition
the inhibitor may bind to the enzyme whether or not the enzyme has already bound the substrate but has a greater affinity for one state or the other
enzymes can bind to substrates in which 3 ways:
sequential → ordered or random
nonsequential → ping-pong (double-displacement)
ping-pong enzyme/substrate binding
the first substrate binds and is converted to a product, resulting in an intermediate enzyme form
the second substrate will then bind and be converted to product, and the enzyme will return to its original state
NO ternary complex is formed (enzyme bound to 2 substrate simultaneously)
ordered enzyme/substrate binding
one particular substrate has to bind to the enzyme first, followed by the other substrate
random enzyme/substrate binding
there is no preferred order for substrates binding to the enzyme
ternary complex (enzymes)
an enzyme bound to TWO substrates (3 proteins total)
this is only formed for ordered and random mechanisms, NOT ping-pong which binds one at a time
nucleophiles are typically _______ and function to _______
electron rich; form covalent bonds
nucleophilic attack
the atom which the nucleophile attacks is the atom it will form a bond with
another group (the leaving group) will have to be kicked off
catalytic efficiency
kcat / km
measures how well an enzyme can bind to its substrate and turn it into product
kcat (enzyme kinetics)
this is the turnover number
describes how many substrate molecules are transformed into products per unit time by a single enzyme
Kcat = vmax / [E]
higher kcat = more reactions per second
km (michaelis constant)
the concentration of a given enzyme that catalyzes the associated reaction at half the maximum rate (Vmax)
high Km= low affinity for its substrate
low km = high affinity for its substrate
v max
the maximum velocity of an enzymatically catalyzed reaction when the enzyme is saturated with its substrate
hydrogen bonds between base pairs
amide vs amine
imine
Beer’s Law
A = elC
absorbance = (molar absorptivity) x (path length) x (concentration)
