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Review > AAMC FL 3 B/B > Flashcards

AAMC FL 3 B/B Flashcards

1
Q

osmotic pressure

A

the minimum pressure which needs to be applied to a solution to prevent the inward flow water across a semipermeable membrane

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2
Q

osmotic pressure equation

A
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3
Q

If solute concentration is relatively HIGH, then osmotic pressure is _____

A

HIGH

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4
Q

If solute concentration is relatively LOW, then osmotic pressure is _____

A

LOW

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5
Q

oxidoreductase enzyme

A

enzymes that catalyze the transfer of electrons from one molecule to another molecule

catalyze redox reactions

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6
Q

lyase enzyme

A

catalyzes the breaking of various chemical bonds by means other than hydrolysis and oxidation

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7
Q

isomerase enzyme

A

convert a molecule from one isomer to another

catalyze a structural rearrangement

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8
Q

hydrolase enzyme

A

use water to break a chemical bond, which typically results in dividing a larger molecule into smaller molecules

they catalyze hydrolysis

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9
Q

protease enzyme

A

break apart peptide bonds via hydrolysis

a subtype of hydrolases

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10
Q

primary vs secondary active transport

A

primary → directly pumps ions in or out using ATP

secondary → utilizes the gradient produced by a primary pump to drive transport

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11
Q

NADH dehydrogenase complex #

A

complex I

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12
Q

succinate dehydrogenase complex #

A

complex II

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13
Q

cytochrome C reductase complex #

A

complex III (3)

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14
Q

cytochrome C oxidase complex #

A

complex IV (4)

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15
Q

how are work and speed related?

A

they are NOT

work = force x distance

POWER = work / time

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16
Q

work (moving an object)

A

force x distance

(technically FDcosθ if there is an angle between these 2 vectors)

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17
Q

purine vs pyrimidine

A

purines → 2 rings / larger

pyrimidines → 1 ring / smaller

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18
Q

guanine → (purine or pyrimidine) ?

A

purine

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19
Q

adenine → (purine or pyrimidine) ?

A

purine

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20
Q

cytosine → (purine or pyrimidine) ?

A

pyrimidine

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21
Q

thymine → (purine or pyrimidine) ?

A

pyrimidine

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22
Q

uracil → (purine or pyrimidine) ?

A

pyrimidine

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23
Q

which nucleotide pair is stronger, A – T or G – C ?

A

G – C

(3 H-bonds)

24
Q

high osmolarity means _____

A

high solute concentration

25
Q

DNA replication: primase

A

synthesizes the short RNA primer to start replication (once on the leading strand and continuously on the lagging strand)

26
Q

DNA replication: ligase

A

seals the ends of the DNA molecules together, creating one continuous strand of DNA

27
Q

DNA replication: helicase

A

unwinds/separates the DNA

28
Q

DNA replication: topoisomerase

A

introduce negative supercoils to alleviate torsional stress and reduce risk of strand breakage

prevents recoiling

29
Q

DNA replication: polymerase III

A

synthesize the new daughter strands by adding complementary nucleotide bases to the parent strands

(add in a 5’ to 3’ direction)

30
Q

DNA replication: polymerase I

A

replaces RNA primer with DNA nucleotides

31
Q

direction of DNA replication

A

5’ to 3’ (new strand)

32
Q

calcium involvement in muscle contraction

A

calcium binds to troponin which causes conformational change in tropomyosin, revealing the myosin binding site for the myosin head to bind to the actin/thin filament

33
Q

ATP role in muscle contraction

A

binding of ATP releases the myosin head from the actin/thin filament

then when ATP hydrolyzes to ADP + Pi, the myosin head shifts back to its original position ready to bind again

34
Q

muscle contraction steps

A

calcium binds to troponin causing shift in tropomyosin to revela myosin binding site

myosin binds to actin and the power stroke occurs as ADP + Pi dissociate from myosin

ATP binds to myosin to release it from actin

ATP hydrolyzes to ADP + Pi to recycle myosin head to resting position

35
Q

histone acetylation vs deacetylation

A

acetylation → unwinding, increases transcription and expression of genes

deacetylation → tighter associations with histones; decreases transcription and expression of genes

36
Q

epinephrine vs norepinephrine

A

aka “adrenaline” and “noradrenaline”

epinephrine → secreted from the adrenal medulla to act as a hormone

norepinephrine → acts locally as neurotransmitter

37
Q

epinephrine and norepinephrine functions

A

the primary neurotransmitters of the sympathetic nervous system (fight-or-flight)

involved in alertness and wakefulness

38
Q

microtubules

A

made of tubulin

largest diameter

transport substances within the cell (using motor proteins like kinesin and dynein)

form mitotic spindle, cilia, and flagella

39
Q

microfilaments

A

made of actin → “actin filaments”

involved in gross movement of the cell from within (ex. cleavage furrow or amoeba movement)

dynamic → lengthen and shorten easily vs actin polymerization and depolymerization

40
Q

intermediate filaments

A

made of many types of protein (keratin, desmin, etc.)

provide structural support / resist mechanical stress

permanent rather than dynamic → rarely lengthen/shorten often

41
Q

restriction enzyme sequences must be ________

A

palindromic!

when copied, both strands of DNA will have the same sequence when read 5′ to 3′

42
Q

how many base pairs do restriction enzymes cut?

A

4-8

43
Q

genomic imprinting

A

an epigenetic phenomenon that causes genes to be expressed or not, depending on whether they are inherited from the mother or the father

via methylation to guide expression

44
Q

polypeptide synthesis occurs in the _____ direction

A

N terminus (first) to C terminus (last)

45
Q

retroviruses

A

carry RNA and reverse transcriptases

the enzymes convert the viral RNA to DNA which can then be integrated into the host genome for long term infection

46
Q

the descending loop of henle is permeable to _______

A

water only

47
Q

the ascending loop of henle is permeable to _______

A

salts (Na+, Cl-, K+, etc.)

48
Q

the optimal temperature for MOST enzymes is _____

A

37 C (body temp)

49
Q

what type of cells secrete mucus?

A

goblet cells (a type of epithelial cell)

50
Q

connective tissue

A

supports, protects, and gives structure to other tissues and organs in the body

blood, fat, bone, cartilage, lymph, etc,

51
Q

smooth muscle vs skeletal muscle

A

smooth muscle → involuntary control (ex. heart)

skeletal muscle → voluntary control (think “connected to skeleton”; ex. biceps)

52
Q

functions of small and large intestine

A

small → digestion and absorption of nutrients

large → absorption of water and salts

53
Q

competitive vs noncompetitive vs uncompetitive inhibitors

A

competitive → bind to the enzyme active site (same site as substrate)

noncompetitive → bind to a site other than the active site; bind equality well to the enzyme and enzyme-substrate complex

uncompetitive → bind only to the enzyme-substrate complex

54
Q

osteoblasts

A

cells that make bones

synthesize bone matrix and coordinate the mineralization of the skeleton

55
Q

osteoclasts

A

responsible for the breakdown of bone

(to release calcium?)

56
Q

osteocytes

A

these are osteoblasts that lie within the substance of fully formed bone

involved in cell communication and mechanical sensing

maintain bone mass

Review (28 decks)

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