Blueprint half length: C/P Flashcards
in vitro
outside the living organism (in a dish, tube, etc.)
in vivo
inside the living organism
items with lower density will rise to the surface —– than items with higher density
faster
aromatic compounds
have a benzene ring (conjugated 6 carbon ring)
sulfonyl group
urea structure
amide structure
amine structure
pH + pOH = …..
pH + pOH = 14
pH formula
ph = - log [H+]
pOH formula
pOH = - log [OH-]
determining log from ph
Poiseuille’s law equation
Laminar vs Turbulent flow
Bernoulli’s Equation
mechanical work
formula and definition
the explains the work required to move an object
joule units
J = newton x meter
list the electromagnetic specrum from longest to shortest wavelengths
power
equation
power = work / time
power unit
1 watt = 1 joule / second
work-energy theorem
the net work done by the forces on an object equals the change in its kinetic energy
kinetic energy formula
the volume of a liquid will —— slightly as temperature rises
increase
that surface tension ——- as temperature rises
decreases
(because surface tension depends on the strength of intermolecular forces, which decreases as KE of the molecules increase)
explain the concentration of K+ and Na+ at resting membrane potential
think “saly banana”
Na+ is concentrated outside the cell
K+ is concentrated inside the cell
explain the flow of K+ and Na+ throughout an action potential
sodium potassium pump (flow of ions)
on a pressure-volume graph, what does the area under the curve reprsent?
work
work = ……
isobaric process
This determines the work applied to the system to change the volume of the gas while keeping the pressure constant.
the temperature must increase as the volume expands in order the keep the pressure constant
what occurs during an isobaric process where volume in increased
the temperature must increase as the volume expands in order the keep the pressure constant
explain michaelis menton graphs
the y axis is reaction rate
the x axis is substrate concentration
as substrate concnetration increases, the faster the reaction occurs
buit it eventually reaches a maximum rate (vmax) when the enzymes are saturated
non competitive inhibitor
binds to an allosteric site to alter the active site so the substrate can no long binder
competitive inhibitor
bind to the active site of the enzyme to block substrate binding
uncompetitive inhibitor
bind to the enzyme-substrate complex (not the free enzyme)
vmax
the maximum reaction rate of an enzyme
the addition of more substrate will not increase reaction rate because all enzymes are saturated
Michaelis constant (Km)
the concentration of substrate which permits the enzyme to achieve half Vmax
An enzyme with a high Km has a …. affinity for its substrate
An enzyme with a high Km has a low affinity for its substrate
what does the Km of a given enzyme indicates?
the affinity of the enzyme for its substrate
competitive inhibition (km and vmax effects)
km is increased (lower affinity for substrate)
vmax is unaffacted
uncompetitive inhibition (km and vmax effects)
km is decreased (they increase binding affinity because it stabilizes the ES complex)
vmax is decreased
noncompetitive inhibition (km and vmax effect)
Km is unaffected
vmax is reduced
An enzyme with a low Km has a …. affinity for its substrate
An enzyme with a low Km has a high affinity for its substrate
allosteric activators
bind to an allosteric site on an enzyme to increase affinity for the substrate
chelating agent
a compound that forms coordinate covalent bonds with metal atoms or ions
ester structure
lactam structure
cyclic amides
amide structure
imine structure
contains a carbon-nitrogen double bond
carboxylic acid
thioether structure
ether structure
steps for determining absolute configuration
1) number the attached groups based on their priority (higher atomic # = higher priority)
2) draw a circle from 1 -> 3
3) if clockwise = R, counterclockwise = S
4) THE ABOVE IS TRUE IF THE LEAST PRIORITY FUNCTIONAL GROUP IS ON A DASH; OTHERWISE, THE FINAL ANSWER WILL BE OPPOSITE OF STEP 3
fatty acid structure
long carbon chains with carboxylic heads
mass number
number of protons and neutrons
atomic number
number of protons
alpha decay
beta plus decay is also known as….
positron emission
beta plus decay
beta minus decay is also known as….
electron emission
beta minus decay
positron definition
a particle with the same mass as an electron but with a positive charge
gamma emission
no change in the mass or atomic number
what types of molecules can pass through the cell membrane via simple difussion?
small nonpolar/hydrophobic molecule
what types of molecules need can NOT pass through the cell membrane via simple difussion?
large molecules or any hydrophilic molecules/ions
ions tend to be … (hydrophobic or hydrophilic)
hydrophilic
they interact when with water given their overall charges (either negative or positive)
what makes a carbon chiral?
it must have 4 unique substituents (groups)
any carbon that is part of a double bond cannot be chiral
Gibb’s Free energy change for an entire reaction with multiple steps will be…
the sum of the change in energy for each individual step
Ohm’s Law equation
V = IR
voltage drop = current x resistance
atomic size trend on periodic table
ganglia
a collection of neuron cell bodies located in the peripheral nervous system (PNS)
ether structure
which 3 atoms commonly bond with H to create polar dipoles
FON
(fluorine, oxygen, nitrogen)
compounds that are hydrophobic are usually…
relating to fats
lipophilic
(fat loving)
micro
10 ^ -6
1 / million
milli
10 ^ -3
1/1000
nucleophiles are ——- species
electron rich
(if they love the nucleus, which is positive, they must be negative or have lots of electrons)
alpha carbon
the first carbon atom that attaches to a functional group (such as a carbonyl)
carboxylate
the conjugate base of carboxylic acid
