Blueprint FL 1: B/B Flashcards
dopamine
smooth movement and posture
high concentrations in basal ganglia
dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia
delusions, hallucinations, and agitation associated with schizophrenia arise from too much dopamine or an oversensitivity to dopamine in the brain
dopamine and Parkinson’s disease
Parkinson’s disease is associated with a loss of dopominergic neurons in the basal ganglia; results in resting tremors, jerky movements, and unstable posture
flow of ions during action potential
efflux meaning
flow OUT
influx meaning
flow IN
what happens when the depolarization of the muscle cell reaches the sarcoplasmic reticulum?
calcium (Ca2+) is released
what happens when calcium is released?
it binds to troponin, and tropomyosin changes confirmation
explain the steps of muscle contraction
1) calcium binds to troponin, revealing the myosin-binding site on actin
2) myosin binds to actin
3) the powerstroke occurs, ADP and Pi dissociate from myosin
4) ATP binds to myosin, causing it to detach from actin
5) hydrolysis of ATP recocks myosin head into initial position
when standard deviation errors bars overlap quite a bit, it’s a clue that…
the difference is not statistically significant
4 stages of cell cycle
G1 phase
cell cycle
cell growth
S phase
cell cycle
DNA replication
G2 phase
cell cycle
ensures that all chromosomes have been replicated and prepares the cell for entering the mitotic phase
2 general phases of cell cycle
cell division (mitosis or meiosis)
interphase
G0 phase
cell cycle
the phase in which the cell is no longer actively dividing and simply playing out its regular functions
stem cells
cells with the potential to develop into many different types of cells in the body
3 categories of stem cells
totipotent
pluripotent
multipotent
totipotent stem cells
can divide into ALL cell types in an organism
has the potential to divide until it creates an entire, complete organism
pluripotent stem cells
can divide into most, or all, cell types in an organism
cannot develop into an entire organism on their own
multipotent stem cells
can differentiate into the various cell types in a family of related cells, such as blood cells
oligopotent stem cells
result from multipotent stem cells
can differentiate into only a few cells
generally, stem cells are able to…
self renew! (divide to make more stem cells)
apoptosis
programmed cell death
dehyrogenase
an enzyme that removes hydrogen
proliferation
the growth of tissue cells
(rapid increase in numbers)
peptide bond formation
peptide bonds are formed by the removal of water (OH from carboxyl + H from amino group)
features of peptide bonds
flat, polar, and not free to rotate
why can’t the peptide bond rotate
it has partial double bond character that prevents free rotation around the bond
which bond is the “peptide bond”
the blue bond between C and N
what type of linkage is present in a peptide bond?
amide linkage
monovalent
at atom with either 1 or 7 valence electrons and can thus only form 1 covalent bond
valency
the property of an element that determines the number of other atoms with which an atom of the element can combine
based on the number of valence electrons
bivalent
an atom with either 2 or 6 valence electrons, can thus form two covalent bonds
operon
a cluster of genes coding for functionally related proteins under the control of a single promoter
these genes are transcribed together to produce a single mRNA
polycistronic mRNA
an mRNA that encodes two or more proteins
three types of RNA
messenger RNA (mRNA)
ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
transfer RNA (tRNA)
messenger RNA
created during transcription of DNA
represents a portion of the DNA strand to be converted into proteins
ribosomal RNA
reads the order of amino acids and links amino acids together
3 areas of ribosomal RNA
A: accepts the incoming aminoacylated tRNA
P: holds the tRNA with the peptide chain
E: holds the deacylated tRNA before it leaves the ribosome
five prime cap
a guanine nucleotide that is added to the first nucleotide in the transcript during transcription
protects the transcript from being broken down
a 5 prime cap is only found in which cell types?
eukaryotic cells
location of transcription (eukaryotes)
nucleus
location of translation (eukaryotes)
cytoplasm
location of transcription (prokaryotes)
cytoplasm
in eukaryotics, each gene has its own…
initiation site
exons vs introns
intron: non-coding sequences found in DNA or RNA
Exons: refer to the coding portions of DNA or RNA
why does only eukaryotic rna have 5’ cap?
protect the mature mRNA from degradation and help export it from the nucleus
protect th pre-mRNA during splicing
i think??
difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomes
they mainly differ in size
eukaryotic is larger than prokaryotic
micro RNA (miRNA)
non-coding RNA that binds to a target mRNA to repress protein production of that mRNA
polymerization
the process of connecting monomers to create a polymer; amino acids to create proteins, nucleotides to create DNA/RNA, etc.
hybridization
the process in which two complementary single-stranded DNA and/or RNA molecules bond together to form a double-stranded molecule
transcription
the process of creating an mRNA molecule from a segment of DNA
white blood cells include:
natural killer cell
destroy the body’s own cells that have become infected with the pathogen
eosinophils
release large amounts of histamine and cause inflammation
this resulsts in vasodilation allowing increased leakines of the blood vessels and additional immune cells to move from blood to tissue
astericks and statistical significance
Each asterisk and line on a graph represents that there is a stastical significant difference between the 2 groups it connects
cation vs anion
charge
cation: positively charged ion
anion: negatively charge ion
basic residues
charge
positive
acidic residues
charge
negative
proton charge
+1
acid vs base
protons
acid: proton (H+) donor
base: proton (H+)acceptor
cytokines
a broad group of signalling proteins that and regulate the functions of individual cells
innate immune system
non specific defenses that are always active
adaptive immunity
take time toactivate
target a specific invader
can retain memory about past invasions
non cellular innate immune defenses
skin
mucus
tears
saliva
stomach acid
the adaptive immune system involves which types of cells
B-cells and T-cells
innate immune system cells (5)
macrophage
mast cell
granulocytes
dendritic cell
natural killer cell
humoral vs cell-mediated immunity
humoral: driven by B-cells
cell-mediated: driven by T-cells
??? check ???
passive immunity
the short-term immunity that results when antibodies are passed from one individual to another
active immunity
occurs when our own immune system is responsible for protecting us from a pathogen
eosinophils
release large amounts of histamine and cause inflammation
this resulsts in vasodilation allowing increased leakines of the blood vessels and additional immune cells to move from blood to tissue
innate immune system cells (5)
macrophage
mast cell
granulocytes
dendritic cell
natural killer cell
granulocytes include: (3)
neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils
granulocytes are involved in …
the inflammatory response
erythrocyte
red blood cell
white blood cells include (5)
each B cell has…
antibodies that are specific to a particular antigen
what is inside red blood cells
“sacks of hemoglobin and oxygen”
unlike most cells, red blood cells do not contain…
DNA or a nucleus
lymphocytes include
B cells and T cells
which amino acids can be phosphorylated
serine, threonine, and tyrosine
glutamate
another name for glutamic acid
aspartate
another name for aspartic acid
