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Review > Blueprint FL 1: B/B > Flashcards

Blueprint FL 1: B/B Flashcards

1
Q

dopamine

A

smooth movement and posture

high concentrations in basal ganglia

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2
Q

dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia

A

delusions, hallucinations, and agitation associated with schizophrenia arise from too much dopamine or an oversensitivity to dopamine in the brain

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3
Q

dopamine and Parkinson’s disease

A

Parkinson’s disease is associated with a loss of dopominergic neurons in the basal ganglia; results in resting tremors, jerky movements, and unstable posture

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4
Q

flow of ions during action potential

A
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5
Q

efflux meaning

A

flow OUT

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6
Q

influx meaning

A

flow IN

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7
Q

what happens when the depolarization of the muscle cell reaches the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

calcium (Ca2+) is released

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8
Q

what happens when calcium is released?

A

it binds to troponin, and tropomyosin changes confirmation

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9
Q

explain the steps of muscle contraction

A

1) calcium binds to troponin, revealing the myosin-binding site on actin
2) myosin binds to actin
3) the powerstroke occurs, ADP and Pi dissociate from myosin
4) ATP binds to myosin, causing it to detach from actin
5) hydrolysis of ATP recocks myosin head into initial position

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10
Q

when standard deviation errors bars overlap quite a bit, it’s a clue that…

A

the difference is not statistically significant

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11
Q

4 stages of cell cycle

A
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12
Q

G1 phase

cell cycle

A

cell growth

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13
Q

S phase

cell cycle

A

DNA replication

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14
Q

G2 phase

cell cycle

A

ensures that all chromosomes have been replicated and prepares the cell for entering the mitotic phase

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15
Q

2 general phases of cell cycle

A

cell division (mitosis or meiosis)

interphase

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16
Q

G0 phase

cell cycle

A

the phase in which the cell is no longer actively dividing and simply playing out its regular functions

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17
Q

stem cells

A

cells with the potential to develop into many different types of cells in the body

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18
Q

3 categories of stem cells

A

totipotent
pluripotent
multipotent

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19
Q

totipotent stem cells

A

can divide into ALL cell types in an organism

has the potential to divide until it creates an entire, complete organism

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20
Q

pluripotent stem cells

A

can divide into most, or all, cell types in an organism

cannot develop into an entire organism on their own

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21
Q

multipotent stem cells

A

can differentiate into the various cell types in a family of related cells, such as blood cells

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22
Q

oligopotent stem cells

A

result from multipotent stem cells

can differentiate into only a few cells

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23
Q

generally, stem cells are able to…

A

self renew! (divide to make more stem cells)

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24
Q

apoptosis

A

programmed cell death

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25
Q

dehyrogenase

A

an enzyme that removes hydrogen

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26
Q

proliferation

A

the growth of tissue cells
(rapid increase in numbers)

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27
Q

peptide bond formation

A

peptide bonds are formed by the removal of water (OH from carboxyl + H from amino group)

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28
Q

features of peptide bonds

A

flat, polar, and not free to rotate

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29
Q

why can’t the peptide bond rotate

A

it has partial double bond character that prevents free rotation around the bond

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30
Q

which bond is the “peptide bond”

A

the blue bond between C and N

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31
Q

what type of linkage is present in a peptide bond?

A

amide linkage

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32
Q

monovalent

A

at atom with either 1 or 7 valence electrons and can thus only form 1 covalent bond

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33
Q

valency

A

the property of an element that determines the number of other atoms with which an atom of the element can combine

based on the number of valence electrons

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34
Q

bivalent

A

an atom with either 2 or 6 valence electrons, can thus form two covalent bonds

35
Q

operon

A

a cluster of genes coding for functionally related proteins under the control of a single promoter

these genes are transcribed together to produce a single mRNA

36
Q

polycistronic mRNA

A

an mRNA that encodes two or more proteins

37
Q

three types of RNA

A

messenger RNA (mRNA)
ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
transfer RNA (tRNA)

38
Q

messenger RNA

A

created during transcription of DNA

represents a portion of the DNA strand to be converted into proteins

39
Q

ribosomal RNA

A

reads the order of amino acids and links amino acids together

40
Q

3 areas of ribosomal RNA

A

A: accepts the incoming aminoacylated tRNA
P: holds the tRNA with the peptide chain
E: holds the deacylated tRNA before it leaves the ribosome

41
Q

five prime cap

A

a guanine nucleotide that is added to the first nucleotide in the transcript during transcription

protects the transcript from being broken down

42
Q

a 5 prime cap is only found in which cell types?

A

eukaryotic cells

43
Q

location of transcription (eukaryotes)

A

nucleus

44
Q

location of translation (eukaryotes)

A

cytoplasm

45
Q

location of transcription (prokaryotes)

A

cytoplasm

46
Q

in eukaryotics, each gene has its own…

A

initiation site

47
Q

exons vs introns

A

intron: non-coding sequences found in DNA or RNA
Exons: refer to the coding portions of DNA or RNA

48
Q

why does only eukaryotic rna have 5’ cap?

A

protect the mature mRNA from degradation and help export it from the nucleus

protect th pre-mRNA during splicing

i think??

49
Q

difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomes

A

they mainly differ in size

eukaryotic is larger than prokaryotic

50
Q

micro RNA (miRNA)

A

non-coding RNA that binds to a target mRNA to repress protein production of that mRNA

51
Q

polymerization

A

the process of connecting monomers to create a polymer; amino acids to create proteins, nucleotides to create DNA/RNA, etc.

52
Q

hybridization

A

the process in which two complementary single-stranded DNA and/or RNA molecules bond together to form a double-stranded molecule

53
Q

transcription

A

the process of creating an mRNA molecule from a segment of DNA

54
Q

white blood cells include:

A
55
Q

natural killer cell

A

destroy the body’s own cells that have become infected with the pathogen

56
Q

eosinophils

A

release large amounts of histamine and cause inflammation

this resulsts in vasodilation allowing increased leakines of the blood vessels and additional immune cells to move from blood to tissue

57
Q

astericks and statistical significance

A

Each asterisk and line on a graph represents that there is a stastical significant difference between the 2 groups it connects

58
Q

cation vs anion

charge

A

cation: positively charged ion
anion: negatively charge ion

59
Q

basic residues

charge

A

positive

60
Q

acidic residues

charge

A

negative

61
Q

proton charge

A

+1

62
Q

acid vs base

protons

A

acid: proton (H+) donor
base: proton (H+)acceptor

63
Q

cytokines

A

a broad group of signalling proteins that and regulate the functions of individual cells

64
Q

innate immune system

A

non specific defenses that are always active

65
Q

adaptive immunity

A

take time toactivate

target a specific invader

can retain memory about past invasions

66
Q

non cellular innate immune defenses

A

skin
mucus
tears
saliva
stomach acid

67
Q

the adaptive immune system involves which types of cells

A

B-cells and T-cells

68
Q

innate immune system cells (5)

A

macrophage
mast cell
granulocytes
dendritic cell
natural killer cell

69
Q

humoral vs cell-mediated immunity

A

humoral: driven by B-cells
cell-mediated: driven by T-cells

??? check ???

70
Q

passive immunity

A

the short-term immunity that results when antibodies are passed from one individual to another

71
Q

active immunity

A

occurs when our own immune system is responsible for protecting us from a pathogen

72
Q

eosinophils

A

release large amounts of histamine and cause inflammation

this resulsts in vasodilation allowing increased leakines of the blood vessels and additional immune cells to move from blood to tissue

73
Q

innate immune system cells (5)

A

macrophage
mast cell
granulocytes
dendritic cell
natural killer cell

74
Q

granulocytes include: (3)

A

neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils

75
Q

granulocytes are involved in …

A

the inflammatory response

76
Q

erythrocyte

A

red blood cell

77
Q

white blood cells include (5)

A
78
Q

each B cell has…

A

antibodies that are specific to a particular antigen

79
Q

what is inside red blood cells

A

“sacks of hemoglobin and oxygen”

80
Q

unlike most cells, red blood cells do not contain…

A

DNA or a nucleus

81
Q

lymphocytes include

A

B cells and T cells

82
Q

which amino acids can be phosphorylated

A

serine, threonine, and tyrosine

83
Q

glutamate

A

another name for glutamic acid

84
Q

aspartate

A

another name for aspartic acid

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