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Review > AAMC FL4 B/B > Flashcards

AAMC FL4 B/B Flashcards

1
Q

cytochromes

A

redox-active proteins containing a heme, with a central Fe atom at its core, as a cofactor

the job of the cytochrome is to make drugs more polar/hydrophilic

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2
Q

catabolism involves the release of energy through ________ (reduction/oxidation) of the molecule

A

catabolism involves the release of energy through oxidation of the molecule

ex. beta oxidation for fatty acid metabolism, glycolysis and TCA cycle for glucose metabolism

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3
Q

anabolism involves the creation of ______ (high/low) energy molecules by _______ (reducing/oxidizing) them

A

anabolism involves the creation of high energy molecules by reducing them

ex. fatty acid synthesis and gluconeogenesis, both use energy by oxidizing high-energy molecules (ATP, NADPH)

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4
Q

carboxylase

A

adda carboxyl group to a molecule

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5
Q

where does phosphorylation occur? which amino acids can be phosphorylated?

A

phosphate groups can be added onto molecules with OH groups, by removal of the H (?)

on amino acids serine, threonine, and sometimes tyrosine !

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6
Q
A
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7
Q

isoelectric focusing

A

allows separation of the molecules based on their isoelectric point

recall: isoelectric point = the pH where the net charge is 0

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8
Q

ion exchange chromatography

A

separation of the molecules based on their charge

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9
Q

Gel filtration chromatography

A

Gel filtration chromatography separates protein only on the basis of their size

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10
Q

Native PAGE

A

Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE)

separate molecules based on their electrophoretic mobility, relying on length, conformation, and charge.

a technique that uses non-denatured gels for the separation of proteins

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11
Q

Henry’s Law

A

the concentration of gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the solubility and partial pressure of that gas

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12
Q

isoelectric point

A

he pH of a solution at which the net charge of a protein becomes zero

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13
Q

Na+/K+ ATPase

A

pumps 3 Na out

pumps 2 K in

  • (nah get out, k come in)*
  • (out = 3 letters, in = 2 letters)*
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14
Q

phosphate group charge

A

-2

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15
Q

ester

A
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16
Q

ester linkage

A
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17
Q

phosphotransferase

A

catalyze phosphorylation reactions (transfer of a phosphate group)

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18
Q

where does fatty acid synthesis occur

A

cytoplasm

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19
Q

where does beta oxidation occur

A

mitochondria

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20
Q

fatty acid synthesis

A

1-Citrate leaves mitochondrial matrix, crosses double membrane layers, to cytosol

2-Citrate converted to acetyl CoA + OAA via enzyme citrate lyase

3-Acetyl CoA (2C) gets converted to malonyl CoA (3C) via enzyme ACC (acetyl CoA carboxylase) – rate limiting step

4-Malonyl CoA gets lengthened 2 C at a time via enzyme fatty acid synthase

5-Regulation: high insulin triggers fatty acid synthesis

6-Fatty acid + glycerol = triglycerides (stored in adipocyte cells)

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21
Q

fatty acid synthesis NET formula

A
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22
Q

transcription factor

A

has a DNA-binding domain that allows it to bind to regulatory nucleic acid sequences in a gene to alter transcription

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23
Q

giantism

A

due to excessive growth hormone (grows bones and muscles)

24
Q

growth hormone

A

grows muscles and bones (not fat cells)

25
Q

insulin levels raise when:

A

blood glucose levels are high

pull glucose from the blood into the cells

26
Q

osmolarity in ileum after meal will _______ (increase/decrease)

A

increase

recall: high osmolarity = high solute concentration

27
Q

2 components when engineering a vaccine

A

immunogenicity and toxicity

we want the vaccine to be part of the disease that will cause an immune response but NOT be toxic / cause a negative reaction

ex. the covid spikes

28
Q

large vs small ribosomal subunit (eukaryotes)

A
29
Q

large vs small ribosomal subunit (prokaryotes)

A
30
Q

microRNA

A

a small single-stranded non-coding RNA molecule that functions in RNA silencing and post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression

31
Q

RT-PCR

A

combines reverse transcription of RNA into DNA and amplification of specific DNA targets using polymerase chain reaction

It is primarily used to measure the amount of a specific RNA.

32
Q

Quantitative PCR

A

“polymerase chain reaction”

a technique that measures the levels of DNA in a sample

33
Q

western, northern, southern blot

A

SNOW DROP

southern → DNA

northern → RNA

western → protein

34
Q

heterochromatin vs euchromatin

A

heterochromatin: a tightly packed form of DNA or condensed DNA

euchromatin: the area of the chromosome which is rich in gene concentration and actively participates in the transcription process

35
Q

blood pressure

A

systolic / diastolic

(pressure in arteries during contraction) / (pressure in arteries during relaxation)

36
Q

negative control

A

a group in an experiment that does not receive any type of treatment and, therefore, should not show any change during the experiment

37
Q

transfection

A

a procedure that introduces foreign nucleic acids into cells to produce genetically modified cells

38
Q

skeletal muscle differentiation

A

a highly controlled, multistep process, during which single muscle cells initially freely divide and then align and fuse to form multinucleated myotubes

mesoderm →

39
Q

3 primary germ layers

A
40
Q

early central nervous system

A
41
Q

myoblast

A

an undifferentiated cell capable of giving rise to muscle cells

42
Q

bacterial growth phases

A

(exponential phase is also called the “log phase”)

43
Q

how is excess water normally secrete (besides urine)

A

through the skin and lungs

44
Q

where is water typically absorbed in the digestive system

A

the LARGE intestine (large)

45
Q

humans carry approx. how much blood volume?

A

5 liters

46
Q

B cells vs T cells

A

both are white blood cell lymphocytes

B cells → recognizes antigens and create antibodies

T cells → actually wipe out the infected cells

47
Q

B cells

A

white blood cells (lymphocytes) with receptors that bind to antigens on the surface of pathogens or foreign substances

the antigen is engulfed into the B-cell (via receptor mediated endocytosis)

the B-cell breaks down the antigen and presents the pieces on its surface

helper T cells cause the B-cell to replicate itself and turn into plasma cells which produce antibodies

48
Q

helper T cells

A

activate B cells

bind to major histocompatibility (MHC) II on B cells and causes release of lymphokines

49
Q

cytotoxic T cell

A

all cells have MHC I on their membrane

the infected cells (now making viral proteins from viral DNA) present these viral proteins on its surface via the MHC I

the cytotoxic T cells recognize the presented protein as bad and initiate apoptosis

50
Q

memory T cells

A

can replicate fast and initiate their response rapidly if they have encountered the antigen before

51
Q

microglia

A

macrophages of the CNS; the first and main form of active immune defense in the CNS

they phagocytize many products in the brain

52
Q

are T and B cells normally present in the CNS/brain?

A

NO

microglia are the immune cells of the brain and will recruit T and B cells if necessary

53
Q

layers around the brain

A
54
Q

desmosomes

A

intercellular junctions that provide strong adhesion between cells

“anchoring” junctions

found in tissues subject to stress (ex. heart muscle and skin)

55
Q

tight junctions

A

impermeable junctions

prevent molecules from passing through the intercellular space

56
Q

gap junctions

A

allow for intercellular communication

allow ions and small molecules to pass directly to an adjacent cell

ex. found in electrical excitable cells like the heart

57
Q

intercalated discs

A

specialized intercellular junctions between cardiac muscle cells that provide direct electrical coupling among cells

Review (28 decks)

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