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Review > AAMC Fl 2 P/S > Flashcards

AAMC Fl 2 P/S Flashcards

1
Q

iris

A

the coloured part of the eye

composed of the constrictor and dilator pupillae

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2
Q

lens (eye)

A

lies right behind the iris

focuses the light onto the retina

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3
Q

vitreous

A

the gel like substance within the eye

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4
Q

retina

A

at the back of the eye

contains rods and cones

converts photons of light to electrical signals

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5
Q

cones (eye)

A

used for colour vision and sense fine detail

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6
Q

rods (eyes)

A

only sense light and dark (good for low light conditions)

low sensitivity to details and do not sense colour

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7
Q

fovea (eye)

A

has a high concentration of cones (no rods)

visual acuity is best at the fovea

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8
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19
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20
Q

pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s (3)

A

build-up of beta-amyloid plaques (extracellular)

neurofibrillary tangles (intracellular)

hyperphosphorylation of tau proteins

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21
Q

which type of memory deteriorates first in AD?

A

episodic memories formed later in life are forgotten first (they have less time to consolidate)

semantic memories are more impaired than procedural memory

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22
Q

dependency ratio

A

an age-based measurement takes people <14 and >65 who are not in the labour force, and compares that to # of people who are

Higher the ratio, more dependent people there are.

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23
Q

Life Course Theory

A
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24
Q

Age Stratification Theory

A
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25
Q

social capital

A

the networks of relationships among people who live and work in a particular society, enabling that society to function effectively

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26
Q

cultural capital

A

knowledge, education, and skills transmitted across generations

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27
Q

what is the “silent generation”

A

the group of people born during the great depression (lower fertility rates at this time?)

older than the baby boomers

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28
Q

Intersectionality

A

discrimination based on multiple factors

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29
Q

Social Stratification

A

a society’s categorization of its people into groups based on socioeconomic factors like wealth, income, race, education, etc.

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30
Q

meritocracy

A

a society where advancement up the social ladder is based on their own ability and achievements; everyone has equal opportunity (birth/parental background doesn’t matter)

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31
Q

plutocracy

A

a society that is ruled or controlled by people of great wealth or income

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32
Q

absolute poverty vs relative poverty

A

absolute poverty → threatens survival (same no matter where you are in the world)

relative poverty → a % level below the median income of the country (will change depending on where you are in the world)

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33
Q

marginal vs structural poverty

A

marginal poverty → when an individual can’t find/keep a job

structural poverty → people are poor because of how society is structured rather than individual reasons

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34
Q

primary group vs secondary group

A

primary group → closest members of the group to you, ex. in a wedding the bridesmaids/groomsmen

secondary groups → formal and business-like relationships; based on a limited purpose/goal; usually short term

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35
Q

impression management

A

a conscious or subconscious process in which people attempt to influence the perceptions of other people about a person, object or event by regulating and controlling information in social interaction

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36
Q

front stage vs back stage self

A

front stage → when people are in a social setting Ex. someone watches baseball with friends even if he doesn’t like baseball. Manipulating how he’s seen to make friends.
 Back stage – more private area of our lives, when act is over. You can be yourself.

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37
Q

gentrification

A

the process where lower cost, lower income neighborhoods are taken over by those with higher income, typically displacing current inhabitants in the process

38
Q

Conflict theory

A

the idea that society is made of institutions that benefit the powerful and creates inequalities

there are opposing groups and power dynamics

39
Q

socialization

A

the life-long process of learning how to interact with others

40
Q

racialization

A

the processes by which a group of people is defined by their “race”

ascribing a race with a group (giving a group a name)

41
Q

stereotypes vs discrimination vs prejudice

A

stereotypes are cognitive (thoughts)

prejudice is affective (moods, attitudes)

discrimination is behavioural (actions)

42
Q

affective meaning

A

relating to moods, feelings, and attitudes

43
Q

structural functionalism

A

sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to each serve a function that together promote stability

44
Q

manifest vs latent functions

A

part of functionalism

manifest functions → the intended functions of institutions in society

latent functions → the unintended (often unrecognized) functions in social institutions and processes

45
Q

medicalization

A

when something that used to not be considered an “illness” now is and has become a “medical condition”

ex. anxiety

46
Q

the Hawthorne effect

A

when individuals modify their behaviour in response to their awareness of being observed

47
Q

the thomas theorem

A

“If men define situations as real, they are real in their consequences.”

when someones (subjective) interpretation of a situation leads to an action

ex. a judge believes a person is guilty because he _looks suspiciou_s (believe something is real) and the judge ends up putting the individual behind bars (real in it’s consequences).

48
Q

looking glass self

A

when people base their sense of self on how they believe others view them

49
Q

upward vs downward mobility

A

upward mobility → a positive change in a person’s status, leads to a higher position

downward mobility → a negative change in a person’s status, leads to a lower position

both are types of vertical mobility

50
Q

horizontal mobility

A

a change in occupation or lifestyle that remains within the same social class

51
Q

exchange mobility

A

he sociological concept that suggests society is made up of classes and that these classes maintain a relatively static number of people

if a certain number of people move upward from the middle class, an equal number is expected to move down from the upper class

52
Q

3 components of attitude

A

affective → emotional

behavioural → how we act or behave towards object/subject

cognitive → form thoughts/beliefs, and our knowledge

53
Q

Fundamental attribution error

A

the bias toward making dispositional (internal) attributions rather than situational attributions for the actions of others

54
Q

stereotype threat

A

the fear or anxiety of confirming a negative stereotype about one’s social group

55
Q

selection bias

A

when groups are selected for research in such a way the randomization is not achieved

56
Q

retroactive vs proactive interference

A

retroactive interference → new learning impairs old info

proactive interference → old info impairs learning of new info

57
Q

dissonance

A

the mental discomfort that results from holding two conflicting beliefs, values, or attitudes

58
Q

modeling

A

when someone learns something via imitation alone

59
Q

latent learning

A

knowledge that only becomes clear when a person has an incentive to display it

60
Q

retrograde vs anterograde amnesia

A

retrograde → can’t remember the past

anterograde → can’t form new memories

61
Q

dissociative disorder

A

the person avoids stress by escaping from their identity

may include multiple personalities, or lost memories for part of their lives

62
Q

conversion disorder

A

someone has unexplained symptoms affecting their voluntary motor control or sensory functions (ex. blindness or paralysis) that cannot be explained solely by a physical illness or injury

often result after trauma

63
Q

linguistic relativity hypothesis

A

refers to how someones native language affects their cognition

so if one language has only 1 word to encompass both green and blue, they will be worse at distinguishing between these 2 colours

64
Q

continuous reinforcement is a special case of ________

A

fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement

65
Q

habituation

A

a decrease in response to a stimulus after repeated presentations

66
Q

dispositional attributions

A

explains a persons behaviour based on the inherent being of that person (not their situation)

67
Q

agonists vs antagonists (neurotransmitters)

A

agonists → chemicals that mimic a neurotransmitter (they bind to receptors and have the same effect as the normal neurotransmitters)

antagonists → somehow block a neurotransmitter from binding to its receptor

68
Q

what are Piagets 4 stages of cognitive development (w/ ages)

A

sensorimotor (0-2)

pre-operational (2-7)

concrete-operational (7-11)

formal-operational (11+)

69
Q

Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development (w/ ages)

A

trust vs mistrust (0-1)

autonomy vs hame and doubt (1-3)

initiative vs guilty (3-6)

industry vs inferiority (6-12)

identity vs role confusion (12-20)

intimacy vs isolation (20-40)

generatively vs stagnation (40-65)

integrity vs repair (65+)

70
Q

Erikson’s stages: trust vs mistrust (0-1)

existential question?? what virtue is developed?

A

can i trust the world?

hope

71
Q

Erikson’s stages: initiative vs doubt (1-3)

existential question?? what virtue is developed?

A

is it okay to be me?

will

72
Q

Erikson’s stages: initiative vs guilt (3-6)

existential question?? what virtue is developed?

A

is it okay for me to do, move, and act?

purpose

73
Q

Erikson’s stages: industry vs inferiority (6-12)

existential question?? what virtue is developed?

A

can i make it in the world of people and things?

competency

74
Q

Erikson’s stages: identity vs role confusion (12-20)

existential question?? what virtue is developed?

A

who am i? what can i be?

fidelity

75
Q

Erikson’s stages: intimacy vs isolation (20-40)

existential question?? what virtue is developed?

A

can i love?

love

76
Q

Erikson’s stages: generativity vs stagnation (40-65)

existential question?? what virtue is developed?

A

can i make my life count?

care

77
Q

Erikson’s stages: integrity vs despair (65+)

existential question?? what virtue is developed?

A

is it okay to have been me?

wisdom

78
Q

Freud’s psychosexual development

A

oral (0-1) → put everything in their mouth

anal (2-3) → potty training

phallic (3-6) → attachment to parent of opposite sex

latency (6-puberty) → peers are of the same sex

genital (puberty+) → sexual attraction begins

79
Q

groupthink

A

when the desire for group harmony or conformity results in an irrational or dysfunctional decision-making outcome because people don’t suggest alternatives

80
Q

self-serving bias

A

people view their own success based on internal factors, but view their failures as due to external factors

81
Q

response bias

A

the tendencies for survey participants to respond inaccurately or falsely to questions

82
Q

dominant hemisphere functions

A

LEFT (usually)

analytic functions → language, logic, math

83
Q

non dominant hemisphere

A

RIGHT (usually)

associated with intuition, creativity, music cognition, spatial processing (less prominent role in language)

creates holistic images

84
Q

analytical intelligence

A

completing academic problems and problem solving tasks

85
Q

creative intelligence

A

dealing with new problems and situations with a fresh solution

86
Q

interpersonal intelligence

A

being able to understand and interact with other people

87
Q

emotional intelligence

A

the ability to perceive, manage, or assess the emotions of oneself or other

88
Q

escape vs avoidance learning

A

escape learning → the individual learn to perform a behaviour that will stop an adverse stimulus

avoidance learning → the individual doesn’t have to DO anything, they just avoid the adverse stimulus

89
Q

shaping

A

using a series of successive reinforcement steps on a subject to get them progressively closer and closer to exhibiting a target behaviour

90
Q

generalization

A

something that occurs in classical conditioning

the tendency to respond in the same way to different but similar stimuli

91
Q

acquisition

(classical conditioning)

A

the (beginning) phase where the subject ACQUIRES the conditioned response

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