AAMC Fl 2 P/S Flashcards
iris
the coloured part of the eye
composed of the constrictor and dilator pupillae
lens (eye)
lies right behind the iris
focuses the light onto the retina
vitreous
the gel like substance within the eye
retina
at the back of the eye
contains rods and cones
converts photons of light to electrical signals
cones (eye)
used for colour vision and sense fine detail
rods (eyes)
only sense light and dark (good for low light conditions)
low sensitivity to details and do not sense colour
fovea (eye)
has a high concentration of cones (no rods)
visual acuity is best at the fovea
pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s (3)
build-up of beta-amyloid plaques (extracellular)
neurofibrillary tangles (intracellular)
hyperphosphorylation of tau proteins
which type of memory deteriorates first in AD?
episodic memories formed later in life are forgotten first (they have less time to consolidate)
semantic memories are more impaired than procedural memory
dependency ratio
an age-based measurement takes people <14 and >65 who are not in the labour force, and compares that to # of people who are
Higher the ratio, more dependent people there are.
Life Course Theory
Age Stratification Theory
social capital
the networks of relationships among people who live and work in a particular society, enabling that society to function effectively
cultural capital
knowledge, education, and skills transmitted across generations
what is the “silent generation”
the group of people born during the great depression (lower fertility rates at this time?)
older than the baby boomers
Intersectionality
discrimination based on multiple factors
Social Stratification
a society’s categorization of its people into groups based on socioeconomic factors like wealth, income, race, education, etc.
meritocracy
a society where advancement up the social ladder is based on their own ability and achievements; everyone has equal opportunity (birth/parental background doesn’t matter)
plutocracy
a society that is ruled or controlled by people of great wealth or income
absolute poverty vs relative poverty
absolute poverty → threatens survival (same no matter where you are in the world)
relative poverty → a % level below the median income of the country (will change depending on where you are in the world)
marginal vs structural poverty
marginal poverty → when an individual can’t find/keep a job
structural poverty → people are poor because of how society is structured rather than individual reasons
primary group vs secondary group
primary group → closest members of the group to you, ex. in a wedding the bridesmaids/groomsmen
secondary groups → formal and business-like relationships; based on a limited purpose/goal; usually short term
impression management
a conscious or subconscious process in which people attempt to influence the perceptions of other people about a person, object or event by regulating and controlling information in social interaction
front stage vs back stage self
front stage → when people are in a social setting Ex. someone watches baseball with friends even if he doesn’t like baseball. Manipulating how he’s seen to make friends.
Back stage – more private area of our lives, when act is over. You can be yourself.
gentrification
the process where lower cost, lower income neighborhoods are taken over by those with higher income, typically displacing current inhabitants in the process
Conflict theory
the idea that society is made of institutions that benefit the powerful and creates inequalities
there are opposing groups and power dynamics
socialization
the life-long process of learning how to interact with others
racialization
the processes by which a group of people is defined by their “race”
ascribing a race with a group (giving a group a name)
stereotypes vs discrimination vs prejudice
stereotypes are cognitive (thoughts)
prejudice is affective (moods, attitudes)
discrimination is behavioural (actions)
affective meaning
relating to moods, feelings, and attitudes
structural functionalism
sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to each serve a function that together promote stability
manifest vs latent functions
part of functionalism
manifest functions → the intended functions of institutions in society
latent functions → the unintended (often unrecognized) functions in social institutions and processes
medicalization
when something that used to not be considered an “illness” now is and has become a “medical condition”
ex. anxiety
the Hawthorne effect
when individuals modify their behaviour in response to their awareness of being observed
the thomas theorem
“If men define situations as real, they are real in their consequences.”
when someones (subjective) interpretation of a situation leads to an action
ex. a judge believes a person is guilty because he _looks suspiciou_s (believe something is real) and the judge ends up putting the individual behind bars (real in it’s consequences).
looking glass self
when people base their sense of self on how they believe others view them
upward vs downward mobility
upward mobility → a positive change in a person’s status, leads to a higher position
downward mobility → a negative change in a person’s status, leads to a lower position
both are types of vertical mobility
horizontal mobility
a change in occupation or lifestyle that remains within the same social class
exchange mobility
he sociological concept that suggests society is made up of classes and that these classes maintain a relatively static number of people
if a certain number of people move upward from the middle class, an equal number is expected to move down from the upper class
3 components of attitude
affective → emotional
behavioural → how we act or behave towards object/subject
cognitive → form thoughts/beliefs, and our knowledge
Fundamental attribution error
the bias toward making dispositional (internal) attributions rather than situational attributions for the actions of others
stereotype threat
the fear or anxiety of confirming a negative stereotype about one’s social group
selection bias
when groups are selected for research in such a way the randomization is not achieved
retroactive vs proactive interference
retroactive interference → new learning impairs old info
proactive interference → old info impairs learning of new info
dissonance
the mental discomfort that results from holding two conflicting beliefs, values, or attitudes
modeling
when someone learns something via imitation alone
latent learning
knowledge that only becomes clear when a person has an incentive to display it
retrograde vs anterograde amnesia
retrograde → can’t remember the past
anterograde → can’t form new memories
dissociative disorder
the person avoids stress by escaping from their identity
may include multiple personalities, or lost memories for part of their lives
conversion disorder
someone has unexplained symptoms affecting their voluntary motor control or sensory functions (ex. blindness or paralysis) that cannot be explained solely by a physical illness or injury
often result after trauma
linguistic relativity hypothesis
refers to how someones native language affects their cognition
so if one language has only 1 word to encompass both green and blue, they will be worse at distinguishing between these 2 colours
continuous reinforcement is a special case of ________
fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement
habituation
a decrease in response to a stimulus after repeated presentations
dispositional attributions
explains a persons behaviour based on the inherent being of that person (not their situation)
agonists vs antagonists (neurotransmitters)
agonists → chemicals that mimic a neurotransmitter (they bind to receptors and have the same effect as the normal neurotransmitters)
antagonists → somehow block a neurotransmitter from binding to its receptor
what are Piagets 4 stages of cognitive development (w/ ages)
sensorimotor (0-2)
pre-operational (2-7)
concrete-operational (7-11)
formal-operational (11+)
Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development (w/ ages)
trust vs mistrust (0-1)
autonomy vs hame and doubt (1-3)
initiative vs guilty (3-6)
industry vs inferiority (6-12)
identity vs role confusion (12-20)
intimacy vs isolation (20-40)
generatively vs stagnation (40-65)
integrity vs repair (65+)
Erikson’s stages: trust vs mistrust (0-1)
existential question?? what virtue is developed?
can i trust the world?
hope
Erikson’s stages: initiative vs doubt (1-3)
existential question?? what virtue is developed?
is it okay to be me?
will
Erikson’s stages: initiative vs guilt (3-6)
existential question?? what virtue is developed?
is it okay for me to do, move, and act?
purpose
Erikson’s stages: industry vs inferiority (6-12)
existential question?? what virtue is developed?
can i make it in the world of people and things?
competency
Erikson’s stages: identity vs role confusion (12-20)
existential question?? what virtue is developed?
who am i? what can i be?
fidelity
Erikson’s stages: intimacy vs isolation (20-40)
existential question?? what virtue is developed?
can i love?
love
Erikson’s stages: generativity vs stagnation (40-65)
existential question?? what virtue is developed?
can i make my life count?
care
Erikson’s stages: integrity vs despair (65+)
existential question?? what virtue is developed?
is it okay to have been me?
wisdom
Freud’s psychosexual development
oral (0-1) → put everything in their mouth
anal (2-3) → potty training
phallic (3-6) → attachment to parent of opposite sex
latency (6-puberty) → peers are of the same sex
genital (puberty+) → sexual attraction begins
groupthink
when the desire for group harmony or conformity results in an irrational or dysfunctional decision-making outcome because people don’t suggest alternatives
self-serving bias
people view their own success based on internal factors, but view their failures as due to external factors
response bias
the tendencies for survey participants to respond inaccurately or falsely to questions
dominant hemisphere functions
LEFT (usually)
analytic functions → language, logic, math
non dominant hemisphere
RIGHT (usually)
associated with intuition, creativity, music cognition, spatial processing (less prominent role in language)
creates holistic images
analytical intelligence
completing academic problems and problem solving tasks
creative intelligence
dealing with new problems and situations with a fresh solution
interpersonal intelligence
being able to understand and interact with other people
emotional intelligence
the ability to perceive, manage, or assess the emotions of oneself or other
escape vs avoidance learning
escape learning → the individual learn to perform a behaviour that will stop an adverse stimulus
avoidance learning → the individual doesn’t have to DO anything, they just avoid the adverse stimulus
shaping
using a series of successive reinforcement steps on a subject to get them progressively closer and closer to exhibiting a target behaviour
generalization
something that occurs in classical conditioning
the tendency to respond in the same way to different but similar stimuli
acquisition
(classical conditioning)
the (beginning) phase where the subject ACQUIRES the conditioned response
