Hoofdstuk 14 concepten Flashcards

1
Q

Slaap en arousal worden gereguleerd door …., vrijgelaten door….

A

Een complexe interactie tussen exciterende en inhiberende neurotransmitters, neuropeptiden en homonen

Structuren gelokaliseerd in het voorbrein, hypothalamus en de hersenstam

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2
Q

Tijdens de nacht wisselen … met … amplitude en … frequente hersengolven en … met … amplitude en … frequente hersengolven zich af.

A

REM-slaap, korte en meer

NREM-slaap, lange, minder

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3
Q

Hoe ver voor het bewust willen uitvoeren van een actie kan er al hersenactiviteit gerelateerd aan deze actie optreden?

A

Tot 350 ms

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4
Q

Fysieke materie in de macroscopische wereld functioneert …

A

Op basis van een vaste set, bekende wetten

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5
Q

Microscopische objecten functioneren volgens …

A

Kwantum mechanica wetten

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6
Q

Albert Einstein:

Kijk op electrons en photons

A

Zowel golven als deeltjes

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7
Q

Niels Bohr:

Principe van complementariteit

A

Quantum objecten hebben complementaire kenmerken, die niet tegelijkertijd gemeten of geweten kunnen worden

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8
Q

Principe van complementariteit op het mind-body probleem

A

We kunnen het gat tussen subjectieve ervaring en het vuren van neuronen niet begrijpen, als we alleen het vuren van neuronen kunnen meten

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9
Q

Howard Pattee:

Kijk op complementariteit

A

Complementariteit is een vereiste voor alle materie die kan repliceren en evolueren, het is een vereiste om te kunnen leven

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10
Q

3 componenten van bewustzijn

A

Sentience

  • Access awareness
  • Self-knowledge
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11
Q

Free will: Falk (2010)

A

Twenty UCLA undergrads invited to lab

  • Sunscreen viewed slides about the benefits of sunscreen while in MRI scanner
  • Interview about Sunscreen future behavior, then given goodie bad
  • Surprise follow-up over phone, questioning use of sunscreen
  • Brain activity was more predictive of actual behavior than self-reported intentions
  • Does our brain “know more about us” that we are consciously aware of?
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12
Q

Free will: Why not?

Newton

A

Newton: the universe is deterministic

  • Everything that happens is the result of fixes, causal laws operating on all physical

matter form an initial position

  • That includes your brain and the thoughts contained within
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13
Q

Free will: determinism

A

If I drop a ball from a tower, I can calculate its position on any given time

  • That means that an accurate enough observer (observing your brain and environment)

can predict what you will be thinking about in an hour

Well…

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14
Q

Free will: Chaotic systems

A

Highly accurate observers need highly accurate measurements

  • For all practical purposes, a deterministic system can be unpredictive
  • Chaotic system: a dynamic system that is highly sensitive to initial conditions
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15
Q

Free will: Quantum theory

A

Developed to explain then-hard-to-explain physical phenomena

  • Quantum theory has a probabilistic instead of a deterministic nature
  • The world is not so deterministic after all
  • Free will proponents were relieved: finally, there was place for free will!
  • However, not many scientists agree that quantum effects play a role
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16
Q

Free will: emergence

Can we determine your health by looking at atoms?

A

Weak emergence: yes, you are merely a sum of all your atoms

oStrong emergence: no, levels are irreducible, each level has its own laws of

organization

17
Q

Free will: emergence

So… can we determine your mental state by looking at your neurons?

A

Predictability

oBehavior of individual cell is predictable

oBehavior of larger cell assembles are not predictable in practice

18
Q

Libet’s kijk op vrije wil

A

Hij gelooft er niet in, omdat hersenactiviteit plaatsvindt, 350 ms voordat iemand zich bewust is van het willen uitvoeren van een actie

19
Q

Why do people like punishing bad behavior so much?

A

Because we need to cooperate with others

20
Q

Waarom kan je hersenabnormaliteit bijna niet gebruiken voor veroordeling van acties?

A

oResponsible brain regions differ between persons

oResponsible brain regions change over time

oBrain activity is influenced by psychoactive substances, menstrual cycle, etc.