HIV/AIDS

Question 1

genus of HIV

Answer 1

Lentivirus

Question 2

criterion for differentiation @ HIV types: enumerate

Answer 2

(1) genetic make-up

(2) geographic distribution

Question 3

majority of cases; pandemic, from sub-Saharan Africa
A. HIV-1
B. HIV-2
C. HIV-3

Answer 3

A

Question 4

HIV-1 has subtypes M, N and O. Which causes global epidemics?

Answer 4

M (majority)

Question 5

HIV-1 subtype Localized to Cameroon, Gabon &

Equatorial Guines

Answer 5

O

Question 6

HIV-1 subtype in Cameroon only

Answer 6

N

Question 7

subtype E of HIV-1 is now classified as __

Answer 7

CRF (circulating recombinant form)

Question 8

Why is HIV capable of producing circulating recombinant form?

Answer 8

Because its segmented linear genome is prone to mutation

Question 9

(1) No cases in the Philippines
(2) No HIV-2 pandemic
(3) Less pathogenic than HIV-1

Which is false about HIV-2?

Answer 9

(1)

we have 1 case; however it is more seen in West Africa

Question 10

What is the genome of HIV?

Answer 10

A pair of (+) ssRNA

Question 11

shape of capsid containing RNA

Answer 11

Conical

Question 12

T or F: HIV is a naked virus.

Answer 12

F. It has an envelope

Question 13

In the viral envelope of HIV-1, the peplomer cap is also known as __

Answer 13

gp120

Question 14

In the viral envelope of HIV-1, the peplomer stalk is also known as __

Answer 14

gp41

Question 15

gp120 and gp41 come from __

Answer 15

gp160

Question 16

enumerate the 3 major genes of HIV

Answer 16

Envelope
Polymerase
Group Specific Antigen

Question 17

codes for capsid protein, matrix protein, nucleocapsid

Answer 17

Group Specific Antigen

Question 18

codes for reverse transcriptase, protease, integrase,

and ribonuclease; unique for HIV

Answer 18

Polymerase

Question 19

encode for (1) surface protein, (2) transmembrane
protein

Answer 19

Envelope

Question 20

identify the accessory gene: essential for replication specifically for elongation

Answer 20

TAT gene (transcriptional activator)

Question 21

identify the accessory gene: bringing mRNA into translations

Answer 21

REV gene (regulator of viral gene expression)

Question 22

enumerate the 2 main differences of HIV-1 & HIV-2

Answer 22

(1) structure

(2) weight of each of the component of the virion

Question 23

HIV-2 __ HIV-1 (weight)
A. >
B. <
C. =

Answer 23

A

Question 24

envelope precursor of HIV-2

Answer 24

gp140

Question 25

HIV binds to CD4 antigen on cells such as Macrophages | and T-Helper cells via the ___

Answer 25

HIV surface glycoprotein, gp120

Question 26

Once HIV has attached & chemokines stabilize the interaction, __ changes --> exposing hydrophobic regions that embed in the membrane of host cell.

Answer 26

gp41

Question 27

``` Which co-receptor isn't one of those which HIV has to attach to? A. CKR5 B. CCR5 C. CR5 & CXCR4 D. R4 ```

Answer 27

C R5 dapat

Question 28

another name for CXCR4

Answer 28

fusin

Question 29

Which is false about HIV? a. There is fusion between the membranes of the virus and the host cell before entry of nucleocapsid. b. Initial infection of HIV is abundant in the mucosa. c. There is formation of syncytia with the isolation of the virus in cell lines.

Answer 29

C No syncytia

Question 30

Initial infection of HIV is __ A. T-tropic B. M-tropic C. Both

Answer 30

B

Question 31

Later infection of HIV is __ A. T-tropic B. M-tropic C. Both

Answer 31

A

Question 32

HIV that target T-lymphocytes uses the | __ receptor

Answer 32

CXCR4

Question 33

enumerate three steps by which a co-receptor (i.e. CKR5) works

Answer 33

(1) Attachment (2) Binding to second receptor (3) Fusion

Question 34

CK5 receptor is receptor for __ HIV A. T-tropic B. M-tropic C. Both

Answer 34

B | aka initial infection of HIV

Question 35

functions primarily to convert +ssRNA genome into a complete double stranded DNA form (not the complete virion) identify the enzyme

Answer 35

reverse transcriptase enzyme

Question 36

T or F the virion utilizes the host cell’s DNA dependent RNA polymerase for transcription

Answer 36

T

Question 37

allows integration of the dsDNA form into the host cell’s chromosome identify the enzyme

Answer 37

integrase enzyme

Question 38

Which is false? A. dsDNA is translated into viral proteins in the ribosomes of the host B. replication of the viral genome happens in the nucleus C. in latency, viral genome (dsDNA) undergo no production/very little replication of new virion D. the virus exits the cell via budding

Answer 38

B cytoplasm, not nucleus

Question 39

What allows maturation of HIV outside the host | cell to its functional components? How does it activate maturation?

Answer 39

protease enzyme, cleaving chunk of protein

Question 40

``` Which is not a mode of transmission for HIV? A. sexual B. parenteral C. arthropod-borne D. vertical ```

Answer 40

C

Question 41

``` Which doesn't the CD4 T-cell release? A. IL-1 B. IL-2 C. IL-4 and IL-10 D. IFN-γ ```

Answer 41

A

Question 42

role of IL-2

Answer 42

stimulates T cell proliferation of cytotoxic T cell which releases cytokines that inhibit viral replication

Question 43

What do IL-4 & IL-10 do?

Answer 43

stimulate maturation of antibody response of B cell which produces virus-specific antibodies)

Question 44

two main characteristics of primary HIV infection: enumerate

Answer 44

rapid rise in plasma virus and a rapid decline in circulating CD4 + T - cells.

Question 45

True or False. | In HIV patients, opportunistic infections are a precursor to T cell decline.

Answer 45

F Opportunistic infections happen because there is T-Cell depletion, hence they happen only once T-cell decline is so intense.

Question 46

The HIV - specific antibody response takes longer to | initiate and results in seroconversion. What is seroconversion?

Answer 46

when the patient has detectable level | of antibodies against the infectious agent

Question 47

___ Sarcoma may be seen in AIDS patients

Answer 47

Kaposi's

Question 48

most common way of diagnosing AIDS

Answer 48

ELISA

Question 49

``` Identify the diagnostic method - Blood HIV load varies markedly during infection and viral turnover is always rapid - Used to monitor titer of HIV - Employed when a person is in therapy ```

Answer 49

Plasma Viral Load

Question 50

only HIV detection method in establishing acute conditions for children < 6 months

Answer 50

PCR

Question 51

Which is false? A. HIV dried in salt solution on stainless steel surfaces may still be detected after a week B. Disinfectants are more effective where HIV has dried on surfaces or in the presence of large amounts of protein C. If HIV is associated with large number of protein, it has a higher likelihood of retaining their viability. D. HIV is labile to heat and drying.

Answer 51

B less, not more

Question 52

identify the type of HIV drug o Competitive inhibitors of reverse transcriptase o AZT, DDI, DDC, d4T, 3TC, Abacavir, succinate, Previon

Answer 52

nucleoside inhibitors

Question 53

identify the type of HIV drug o Reverse transcriptase inhibitors, but bind to sites other than the active site of the enzyme o Nevirapine, Atervidine, Delavirdine, Efavirenz

Answer 53

non-nucleoside inhibitors

Question 54

HIV may be treated via HAART. What does HAART mean?

Answer 54

Highly active anti-retroviral therapy