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MSK > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

what three key words describe skeletal muscle cells

A

striated, unbranched, multinucleated

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2
Q

where are the nuclei in muscle cells found

A

at the periphery of the fibre, just under cell membrane (sarcolemma)

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3
Q

how long are muscle cells

A

as long as the muscle

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4
Q

what are muscle cells grouped into

A

fascicles

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5
Q

what is the epimysium

A

the connective tissue that surrounds the whole muscle

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6
Q

what is the perimysium

A

the connective tissue around a single fascicle

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7
Q

what is the endomysium

A

the connective tissue around a single muscle fibre

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8
Q

what are sarcomeres

A

the functional unit- unit of contraction of the muscle cell (smallest contractile element)

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9
Q

list what makes up a muscle cell

A

muscle fibre= lots of myofibrils= lots of sacromeres

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10
Q

what makes up band A

A

myosin (dark, thick)

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11
Q

what makes up the I band

A

actin (light)

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12
Q

what creates the striations in muscle cells

A

regular patterns of alternating dark and light bands (z discs aligned)

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13
Q

what is the motor unit

A

one motor neurone and all of the muscle fibres that it innervates

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14
Q

what happens to the axon of the muscle fibre as it nears its termination

A

branches to synapse with more neuromuscular junctions

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15
Q

describe type I muscle fibres

A

relatively slow contracting, depend on oxidatitive metabolism, have abundant metabolism and are resistant to fatigue. produce relatively less force- red fibres

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16
Q

describe type IIa muscle fibres

A

relatively fast contracting, reasonably resistant to fatigue, relatively uncommon

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17
Q

describe type IIB fibres

A

fast contracting, depend on anaerobic metabolism, few mitochondrian, less myoglobin, fatigue easily, produce greater force- white fibres

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18
Q

does cartilage have a blood supply

A

no is avascular- blood diffuses into it through matrix

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19
Q

is bone permeable

A

no

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20
Q

what are chondrocytes

A

the cell found in cartilage

21
Q

what are chondroblasts

A

immature cartilage cells

22
Q

what is a lacuna

A

space in the extracellular matrix in which chondrocytes live

23
Q

what do chondrocytes do

A

seceret and maintain the extracellular matrix around them

24
Q

what organic material makes up hyaline (extra cellular matrix) cartilage

A

type II collagen and proteoglycan aggregates

25
Q

what is the most common type of cartilage

A

hyaline

26
Q

describe hyaline cartilage

A

blue/white in colour and translucent

27
Q

describe elastic cartilage

A

light yellow, elastic fibres make it quite flexible

28
Q

describe fibrocartilage

A

hybrid between tendon and hyaline cartilage

has bands of densely packed type one collagen interleaved with rows of chondrocytes surrounded by small amounts of cartilagenous ECM

appears white

29
Q

where is hyaline cartilage found

A

articular surfaces

tracheal rings

costal cartilage

epiphyseal growth plates

precursor in fetus to many bones

30
Q

what are the functions of bone (5)

A 
support
levels 
protection of internal organs 
calcium store 
haemopoiesis (blood cell production)
31
Q

what makes up bone

A

23% collagen
65% bioapatitie (form of calcium phosphate, mostly hydroxyaptite)
10% water
2% non collagen proteins

32
Q

what type of bone makes up the diaphysis (shaft)

A

cortical bone

33
Q

what type of bone makes up the epiphyses (ends of the bone)

A

cancellous or trabecular bone

34
Q

does bone remodel

A

yes constantly throughout life

35
Q

what is a haversian canal

A

blood vessel inside each lamellae circle (osteon)

36
Q

what is the main different between compact and trabecular bone

A

presence of spaces (marrow cavities) adjacent to trabecular bone

37
Q

what are osteocytes

A

bone forming cells found on the surface of developing bone

38
Q

what are cement lines

A

line visible around osteons, formed during remodelling

39
Q

describe the morphology of trabecular bone

A

has osteocytes and is lamellar in nature but generally lacks haversian canals

40
Q

what are osteoprogenitor cells

A

cells located on bone surfaces (e.g. under periosteum) that serve as pool of reserve osteoblasts

41
Q

what is an osteocyte

A

a bone cell trapped within the bone matrix

42
Q

what is an osteoclast

A

large multinucleated cells found on the surface of bone and are responsible for bone resorption

43
Q

describe the ‘cutting cone’ of bone remodelling

A

when a number of osteoclasts congregate and ‘drill’ into bone forming a tunnel. a blood vessel will grow into the tunnel bringing with it osteoblasts which line the tunnel and begin laying down new lamellar bone. this continues until only space of a haversian canal remains

44
Q

what us a basic multicellular unit

A

collection of osteoclast and osteoblasts involved in bone remodelling

45
Q

what do osteoblasts do

A

secret collagen, glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), proteoglycans and other organic components of matrix= osteoid which becomes mineralised over time

46
Q

what are osteoclasts derived from

A

macrophage lineage

47
Q

what do osteoclasts form if they fuse

A

giant cells

48
Q

where matrix secrete that will become be added on to

A

only to surface of existing bone

49
Q

what is woven bone

A

disorganised bone that is layed down in response to a fracture

MSK (71 decks)

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