Clinical Anatomy of the Spine

Question 1

what are the three compartments of the knee joint

Answer 1

medial, lateral and patellofemoral

Question 2

what bones make up the mortise of the ankle

Answer 2

tibia, fibula and talus

Question 3

what bones are in the hindfoot

Answer 3

talus and calcaneous

Question 4

which joint in foot can rotate

Answer 4

joints between hind and mid foot

Question 5

what is the main arterial supply to the femoral head

Answer 5

medial circumflex

Question 6

what are the two hip flexors

Answer 6

iliacus, psoas major

Question 7

what is the origin and insertion of the iliacus

Answer 7

origin: iliac crest/ inner aspect of ilium
insertion: lesser trochanter of femur

Question 8

what is the origin and insertion of the psoas major

Answer 8

origin: transverse processes L1-L5
insertion: lesser trochanter

Question 9

what are the signs of a psoas abscess

Answer 9

irritates psoas- patients dont like having lip extended

Question 10

what are the two secondary hip flexors

Answer 10

rectus femoris, sartorius

Question 11

what is the rectus femoris part of

Answer 11

one of four heads of quadriceps

Question 12

what is the origin an insertion of the rectus femoris

Answer 12

origin: AIIS
insertion: tibia via patella tendon

Question 13

what is the origin and insertion of the sartorius

Answer 13

origin: ASIS
insertion: tibia

Question 14

what is the extra hip role of the sartorius

Answer 14

externally rotates hip

Question 15

as well as being hip flexors, hat do the rectus femoris and sartorius do

Answer 15

extensors of the knee

Question 16

what is an avulsion fracture

Answer 16

injury to bone in area where tendon or ligament attaches to the bone

Question 17

what are the five hip adductors

Answer 17

adductor brevis 
adductor longus 
adductor magnus 
pectineus 
gracilis

Question 18

what is the common origin of the hip adductors

Answer 18

inferior pubic rami

Question 19

what clinical (3) issues can arise from the hip adductors

Answer 19

adductor tendinopathy
osteitis pubis
spasticity in NM conditions

Question 20

what comprises the iliopsoas muscle group

Answer 20

psoas major and illiacus

Question 21

what are the main hip abductors

Answer 21

gluteus minimus and medius

Question 22

what is the origin of the gluteus minimus and medius

Answer 22

origin: iliac wing
insertion: greater trochanter of femur

Question 23

what is the origin and insertions of the tensor fascia lata

Answer 23

origin: iliac crest
insertion: lateral tibia via iliotibial tract

Question 24

what is the hip extensor in the gluteal region

Answer 24

gluteus maximus

Question 25

what is the origin an insertion of the gluteus maximus

Answer 25

origin: posterior aspect of ilium/ sacrum insertion: iliotibial tract

Question 26

what are the hamstring muscles

Answer 26

biceps femoris semimembranosus semitendinosus

Question 27

what is the origin and insertion of the biceps femoris

Answer 27

origin: long head- ischial tuberosity short head- linea aspera insertion: fibula head

Question 28

what is the origin and insertion of the semimembranosus

Answer 28

origin: ischial tuberosity insertion: posterior tibia

Question 29

what is the origin and insertion of the semitendinosus

Answer 29

origin: ischial tuberosity insertion: medial tibia

Question 30

what goes into the pes anserinus

Answer 30

semitendinosus, gracillis and sartorius

Question 31

what pain does a trochanteric bursitis cause

Answer 31

lateral hip pain

Question 32

what is the movements of the knee joint

Answer 32

mostly flexion and extension

Question 33

what does the ACL resist

Answer 33

anterior translocation and external rotation of the tibia on the femur

Question 34

what does the PCL resist

Answer 34

posterior translocation of the tibia on the femur

Question 35

which cruciate ligament look like hand in pockets

Answer 35

ACL

Question 36

what are the functions of the menisci

Answer 36

load transfer (shock absorbers) increase femero-tibial conformity stabilise the knee during movement lubricate the knee

Question 37

what are the types of meniscal tear

Answer 37

radial (transverse) | bucket handle

Question 38

what is the function of the quadriceps muscle

Answer 38

knee extensors

Question 39

what makes up the quadriceps msucle

Answer 39

rectus femoris vastus lateralis vastus intermedius vastus medialis

Question 40

what is the common insertion of the quadriceps muscles

Answer 40

patellar tendon

Question 41

what are the components of the extensor mechanisms of the knee

Answer 41

quadriceps muscle- quadriceps tendon- patella- patella tendon- tibial tubercle

Question 42

what is patellar stability

Answer 42

factors which may predispose to patellar instability/ dysfunction

Question 43

what are the predisposing factors for patellar instability

Answer 43

genu valgum femoral head anteversion weak quads (vastus medialis) ligamentous laxity

Question 44

who has a larger Q angle males or females

Answer 44

females

Question 45

what is the function of the hamstring muscles

Answer 45

knee flexors

Question 46

what are the 4 muscles in the anterior compartment of the leg

Answer 46

tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, extensor digitorum longus, pernoneus tertius

Question 47

what are the muscles in the lateral leg compartment (2)

Answer 47

fibularis longus and brevis

Question 48

what are the muscle in the deep posterior compartment of the leg

Answer 48

tibialis posterior, FHL, FDL, popliteus

Question 49

what nerve supplies the lateral compartment of the leg

Answer 49

superficial peroneal nerve

Question 50

what nerve sufflied the superficial posterior compartment of the skin

Answer 50

medial sural curaneous nerve

Question 51

what branches come off the common fibular (peroneal) nerve

Answer 51

superficial peroneal (L4-S1) deep peroneal nerve (L4-5)

Question 52

where does the deep peroneal nerve supply

Answer 52

inbetween the big and 2nd toe

Question 53

what are the ankle plantar flexors

Answer 53

gastrocneumius: medial and lateral head, soleus, plantaris

Question 54

what is the origin of the gastrocnemius

Answer 54

femoral condyles

Question 55

what is the origin of the soleus

Answer 55

broad area on the posterior tibia/fibula

Question 56

what is the origin of the plantaris

Answer 56

lateral femoral condyle

Question 57

what is the common insertion of the gastrocnemius, soleus and plantaris

Answer 57

calcaneus via the achilles tendon

Question 58

what is the main ankle dorsiflexors

Answer 58

tibialis anterior

Question 59

what is the origin and insertion of the tibial anterior

Answer 59

origin: lateral surface of proximal tibia insertion: medial cuneiform, base 1st metatarsal

Question 60

what is the ankle joint

Answer 60

tibiotalar

Question 61

what are the medial and lateral ankle ligaments

Answer 61

medial- deltoid ligament lateral- lateral ligament complex

Question 62

what is the origin and insertion of the tibialis posterior tendon

Answer 62

origin- posterior proximal tibia/ fibula insertion- navicular/ plantar surface of medial cuneiform

Question 63

dysfunction of what tendon in common in the 6th gen + and causes pain on medial aspect and flattening of the foot

Answer 63

tibialis posterior tendon

Question 64

what ligament in the medial arch is known as the spring ligament

Answer 64

calcaneonavicular ligament

Question 65

what is the origin and insertion of the plantar fascia

Answer 65

origin: tuberosity of calcaneus insertion: heads of metatarsals