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MSK > Anatomy summary > Flashcards

Anatomy summary Flashcards

1
Q

what are the muscles in the superficial compartment of the gluteal region

A

gluteus maximus, medius and minimus and the tensor fascia latae

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2
Q

what is the role and innervation of the muscles in the superficial compartment of the gluteal region

A

o Extensors, abductors and medial rotators of the thigh

o Innervated by superior gluteal except glut max – inferior gluteal

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3
Q

what is tredenelenberg gait

A

abductor weakness due to superior gluteal nerve injury (glut med and min)

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4
Q

deep gluteal muscles

A

piriformis, obturator internus, gemelli, quadratus femoris

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5
Q

deep gluteal function and innervation

A

o Lateral rotators of the thigh and hip stabilisers

o Innervated by sacral plexus

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6
Q

how do nerves enter the gluteal region

A

via greater (pelvis) and lesser (perineum) sciatic foramen- formed by the sacrotuberous and sacropinous ligaments

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7
Q

path of the sciatic nerve

A

greater sciatic foramen, exits inferior to piriformis
most lateral structure exiting the sciatic foramen
passes down into the posterior thigh
separates in distal thigh into tibial and common fibular

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8
Q

what does the sciatic nerve supply

A

posterior thigh, all leg and foot muscle and most of the skin via tibial and common fibular branches

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9
Q

what is the pudenal nerve

A

S2-4

principle nerve to the perineum

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10
Q

what does the posterior cutaneous nerve supply

A

skin over the posterior thigh, popliteal fossa, lateral pernieum and upper medial thigh

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11
Q

what in the gluteal region does the sciatic nerve supply

A

nothing

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12
Q

what is the blood supply to the sciatic nerve

A

artery to sciatic nerve

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13
Q

what are the boundaries, floor and roof of the femoral triangle

A

superior – inguinal ligament

medially – lateral border of adductor longus

laterally – medial border of sartorius

floor – iliopsoas and pectineus

roof – deep fascia (fascia lata)

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14
Q

what are the components of the femoral triangle from lateral to medial

A

NAVY

femoral nerve, artery, vein, lymphatics

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15
Q

muscles and role of the anterior compartment of thigh

A

flexors of thigh
pectineus, iliopsoas, sartorius

extensors of leg
quadriceps femoris

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16
Q

innervation of ant thigh

A

femoral nerve (L2,3,4) expect psoas major (L1,2,3)

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17
Q

actions and muscle of medial thigh

A 
adductors of thigh:
adductor longus, 
adductor brevis, 
adductor magnus, 
gracilis, 
obturator externus
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18
Q

innervation of medial thigh

A

all obturator nerve (L2, L3, L4)

except hamstring part of adductor magnus (tibial nerve)

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19
Q

muscles and actions of post thigh

A

extensors of thigh & flexors of leg

semitendinosus, semimembranosus & biceps femoris

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20
Q

innervation of post thigh

A

all tibial division of sciatic nerve (L5, S1, S2)

except short head biceps femoris =common fibular division of sciatic

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21
Q

muscles and action of ant led

A 
dorsiflexors of ankle & extensors of toes:
tibialis anterior, 
extensor digitorum longus, 
extensor hallucis longus, 
fibularis tertius
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22
Q

innervation of ant leg

A

all deep fibular nerve (L4, L5)

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23
Q

muscles and actions of lat leg

A

evert foot and weekly plantar flex ankle:

fibularis longus, fibularis brevis

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24
Q

innervation of lat leg

A

superficial fibular nerve (L5, S2, S2)

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25
Q

actions and muscles of post leg superficial group

A

plantarflexors of ankle
gastrocnemius,
soleus,
plantaris

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26
Q

innervation of post leg superficial and deep

A

all tibial nerve

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27
Q

actions and muscles of post leg deep group

A 
flexors of toes & plantarflexors of ankle
popliteus, 
flexor hallucis longus (toes), 
flexor digitorum longus (digits), 
tibialis posterior
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28
Q

movements at hip joint

A

flexion-extension
abduction-adduction
medial-lateral rotation
circumduction

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29
Q

what ligaments form the hip capsule

A

iliofemoral
pubofemoral
Ischiofemoral (ischium to femor)

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30
Q

blood supply to the hip joint

A

medial and lateral circumflex femoral arteries

  • usually from deep femoral artery
  • give off retinacular arteries

artery to head of femur
-branch of obturator

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31
Q

extracapsular knee ligaments

A

lateral(fibular) collateral ligament

medial (tibial) collateral ligament

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32
Q

intra articular knee ligaments

A 
anterior cruciate (ACL) (lateral to medial- hands in pockets)
posterior cruciate (PCL) (medial to lateral)
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33
Q

boundaries of the popliteal fossa

A

superolaterally – biceps femoris
superomedially – semimembranosus
inferiorly – gastrocnemius
roof – popliteal fascia

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34
Q

contents of the popliteal fossa

A

lots of fat
terminal small saphenous vein
popliteal vessels
tibial and common fibular nerves

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35
Q

what is the calcaneal tendon

A

the achilles tendon

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36
Q

what muscles go into the calcaneal tendon

A

gastrocnemius and soleus

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37
Q

where does the calcaneal tendon attach

A

calcaneal tuberosity of the calcaneous

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38
Q

what is the ankle jerk reflex testing

A

S1 and 2

should cause plantar flexion

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39
Q

superficial lymphatics of the lower limb

A

follow saphenous veins
drain to superficial inguinal lymph nodes
then external iliac lymph nodes

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40
Q

deep lymphatics of the lower limb

A

follow deep veins
(popliteal lymph nodes)
deep inguinal lymph nodes
external iliac lymph nodes

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41
Q

where do external iliac nodes drain to

A

common iliac

then lumbar lymphatics

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42
Q

what does the tibial nerve supply (L4-S3)

A 
muscles of the posterior compartment of leg:
true hamstrings -
semimembranosus
semitendinosus
long head of biceps femoris
muscles of the posterior compartment of leg:
gastrocnemius
soleus
plantaris
popliteus
tibialis posterior

muscles of the sole of the foot:
flexors of the digits (digitorum & hallucis longus)

ALL intrinsic muscles of the sole of the foot
(via medial and lateral plantar branches)

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43
Q

what does the obturator nerve supply

A 
ALL of the medial compartment of thigh
ALL adductors (except hamstring part of magnus) & gracilis
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44
Q

what does the common fibular nerve supply

A

short head of biceps femoris

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45
Q

what does the superficial fibular nerve supply

A

muscles of the lateral compartment of leg:

fibularis longus & brevis

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46
Q

what does the deep fibular nerve supply

A

muscles of the anterior compartment of leg:
tibialis anterior & fibularis tertius
muscles of the dorsum of the foot:
extensor digitorum brevis (EDB)
extensor hallucis brevis (EHB)

47
Q

what does damage to the obturator nerve cause

A

numb/paraesthesia on medial thigh & weakness in thigh adduction

48
Q

what nerves come out of the sacral plexus

A

S1-4
Some Irish Sailor Pesters Polly” =Superior gluteal, Inferior gluteal, Sciatic, Posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh, Pudendal

49
Q

What does damage to the sciatic nerve cause

A

Numb from gluteal region to ankle,
Weak knee flexion & weak foot movements

Foot drop = deep fibular nerve palsy = loss of dorsiflexors of ankle

Tibial part = not usually injured as its deep and well protected

50
Q

what does damage to the lumbo sacral trunk cause

A

Numb calf/foot,

Weakness in ankle dorsiflexion,

51
Q

what does damage to the femoral nerve cause

A

Numb thigh,
Loss of patella reflex & Weakness in knee extension,
Limp

52
Q

what does an L3/4 prolapse cause

A

(L4 entrapment)
weak quads
reduced knee jerk
pain to median ankle

53
Q

what does an L4/5 prolapse cause

A

(L5 entraptment)
reduced extensor hallicus longus and tibialis anterior power
pain to dorsum of foot

54
Q

what does an L5/S1 prolapse cause

A

(S1 entrapment)
pain to sole of foot
reduced power plantarflexion
reduced ankle jerks

55
Q

where is the safest place for a gluteal injection

A

upper lateral quadrant

56
Q

what goes into the iliotibial tract

A

glut max and tensor fascia latae

57
Q

where do glut med and mini insert

A

greater trochanter

58
Q

what is the sensory supply to the foot

A

dorsum= superficial fibular
1st interdigital cleft= deep fibular nerve
lateral side= sural
medial side + medial leg= saphenous
heel= calcaneal branch of tibial
lateral sole + pinky and half 4th toe= lateral planter nerve
medial sole toes 1-3+1/2= medial plantar nerve

59
Q

what type of joint is the 1st CMC

A

saddle- means thumb has 90 degrees of rotation

60
Q

what are the movement of the thumb

A

abduction- palm flat facing ceiling, thumb up to point to ceiling

adduction- thumb back down to parallel to ceiling when palm facing upwards

extension- thumb out to side

flexion- thumb into palm

opposition- thumb to touch pinky

reposition- pinky and thumb back to normal places

61
Q

what innervates the trapezius

A

CN XI (spinal accessory nerve)

62
Q

what does the dorsal scapular nerve innervate

A

levator scapulae

rhomboid minor and major (minor above)

63
Q

what innervates serratus anterior

A

long thoracic nerve

64
Q

what is winged scapula a result of

A

damage to the long thoracic nerve

65
Q

where does the rotator cuff muscles attach to

A

Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres minor = Greater tuberosity
Subscapularis =Lesser tuberosity

66
Q

how much of the humeral head is in contact with the glenoid fossa at any time

A

1/3rd

67
Q

muscles and action of the anterior compartment of the arm

A

Biceps brachii
Brachialis
Coracobrachialis

Flexion of arm and forearm
Biceps brachii is also supinates forearm

68
Q

innervation of the anterior compartment of the arm

A

musculocutanous nerve

69
Q

muscles and actions of the posterior arm

A

triceps brachii

extension of the arm and forearm

70
Q

innervation of the post arm

A

radial nerve

71
Q

muscles of the superior ant foreatm

A 
(from lateral to medial)
pronator teres 
flexor carpi radialis 
plamaris longus 
flexor carpi ulnaris
72
Q

intermediate ant forearm muscles

A

flexor digitorum superficialis

73
Q

deep ant forearm muscles

A

(from medial to lateral)
flexor pollicis longus
flexor digitorum profundus

(deep)
pronator quadratus

74
Q

what is the innervation for the at forearm

A

ALL Median nerve, except flexor carpi ulnaris and medial half of flexor digitorum superficialis (Ulnar nerve)

75
Q

actions of the ant forearm

A

Flexion of the wrist and digits, pronation, abduction and adduction of the wrist.

76
Q

muscles in superficial post forearm

A

(from

  1. Brachioradialis (“beer drinking” muscle)
  2. extensor carpi radialis longus,
  3. extensor carpi radialis brevis,
  4. extensor digitorum,
  5. Extensor digiti minimi
  6. extensor carpi ulnaris,
  7. Anconeus
77
Q

muscles of deep post forearm

A
  1. Supinator
  2. Abductor pollicis longus
  3. Extensor pollicis longus
  4. Extensor pollicis brevis
  5. Extensor indicis (extends index finger)
78
Q

what muscles make up the snuff box

A

abductor pollicis longus
extensor pollicis longus
extensor pollicis brevis

79
Q

innervation of post forearm

A

all radial nerve

80
Q

actions of post forearm

A

Extension of the wrist and digits, supination, abduction and adduction of the wrist

81
Q

what is the common flexor tendon

A

the medial epicondyle

82
Q

what is the common extensor tendon

A

lateral epicondyle of humerus

83
Q

what makes up the thenar eminence

A

Abductor pollicis brevis
Flexor pollicis brevis
Opponens pollicis

84
Q

what is the innervation of the thenar eminence

A

Recurrent branch of the median nerve

85
Q

what makes up the hypothenar eminence

A

Abductor digiti minimi
Flexor digiti minimi brevis
Opponens digiti minimi

86
Q

what is the innervation of the hypothenar eminence

A

deep branch of the ulnar nerve

87
Q

what is the innervation of the lumbricals and where to they attach

A

Attached to tendons of Flexor digitorum profundus

Median n. (lateral 2)
Ulnar n. (medial 2)

88
Q

what is the action of the interossei

A

(DAB and PAD)
Dorsal interossei – Abduction of digits
Palmar interossei – Adduction of digits

(towards/ away from midline of hand)

89
Q

what is the innervation of the interossei

A

all ulnar

90
Q

what cords does the brachial plexus span

A

C5-T1

91
Q

what artery does the brachial plexus travel around

A

brachial

92
Q

what nerve goes into the coracobrachialis

A

musculocutaneous

93
Q

what nerve goes into the quadrangular space

A

the axially nerve

94
Q

what nerve is in the middle of the M in the brachial plexus

A

median

95
Q

what nerve is behind the M

A

posterior cord which splits into axially (superior) and radial (inferior)

96
Q

what nerve at the bottom of the brachial plexus

A

ulnar

97
Q

what is the order of the cords

A

from top to bottom
lateral
posterior
medial

98
Q

what is the sensory innervation to the hand

A

thumb + radial 2 +1/2 fingers plamar = median

medial 1 + 1/2 fingers plamar + dorsum sides = ulnar

base of thumb and radial dorsum of hand (thumb + radial 2+ 1/2 fingers - the tips of each fingers) = radial

99
Q

contents of the carpal tunnel

A

Flexor digitorum superficialis (x4)
Flexor digitorum profundus (x4)
Flexor pollicis longus (x1)
Median nerve

100
Q

what forms the carpal tunnel

A

Flexor retinaculum

Carpals

101
Q

symptoms of carpal tunnel

A

Compression of median nerve
Weakness in the thenar muscles
Numbness in digits 1-3 and lateral half of digit 4

102
Q

vasculature of arm

A 
brachiocephalic 
subclavian 
axially 
brachial: 
radial - deep palmar arch 
ulnar- superficial plamar arch

vein- same as arteries, vena comitantes (paired)

103
Q

arteries of leg

A

arteries:
abdo aorta
external iliac
femoral artery
popliteal:
anterior tibial- dorsal arch- dorsalis pedis - arcurate and plantar arch
posterior tibial (pulse at medial malleolus) - gives of fibular artery- plantar

104
Q

veins of the legs

A 
dorsal venous arch 
small saphenous (lateral) and great saphenous medial 
ant and post tibial and fibular vein combine to make popliteal which then joins with small saphenous to make femoral vein 
this combines with great saphenous to make external iliac vein 
combines with internal to make common iliac
105
Q

action of lumbricals

A

waving bye bye like baby

106
Q

action of trapezius

A

pulls shoulders down and back CN XI

107
Q

action of rhomboids

A

protraction of scapula

108
Q

what nerve injury and symptoms can result from a humeral (neck) fracture

A

axillary

- loss of sensation in regimental badge area

109
Q

what nerve injury and symptoms can result from a humeral shaft fracture

A

radial

  • wrist drop
  • loss of sensation in 1st dorsal web space
110
Q

what nerve injury can result from a colles fracture

A

median

111
Q

what nerve injury and symptoms can result from a lateral compression of the pelvis injury

A

sacral nerve root injury

112
Q

what nerve injury and symptoms can result from a vertical shear hip fracture

A

sacral nerve root, lumbosacral plexus

113
Q

what nerve injury and symptoms can result from a proximal tibia (plateau) fracture

A 
common fibular (peroneal) 
- foot drop

MSK (71 decks)

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