Cortex- pathology, biochemistry, histology Flashcards
what are the possible causes if benign bone tumours
neoplastic, developmental, traumatic, infection or inflammatory
what is the most common benign bone tumour
osteochondroma
what does an osteochondroma look like
bony outgrowth on the external surface with a cartilaginous gap
what are the symptoms of osteochondroma
non usually, can cause local pain
when should osteochondromas receive treatment and what treatment)
1% risk of malignant transformation
any lesion growing in size or producing pain may require excisional biopsy
what can cause multiple osteochondromata
autosomal dominant hereditary disorder
what is an enchondroma
an intermedullary and usually metaphyseal cartilagenous tumour
what causes an enchondroma
failure of normal enchondral ossification at the growth plate
what do enchondromas look like
usually lucent, can undergo mineralisation with a patchy sclerotic appearance
what is the risk of an enchodroma
can weaken the bone resulting in pathological fracture
where so enchondromas commonly occur
in the femur, humerus, tibia and small bone of the hands and feet
how do you strengthen a bone with an enchondroma
curettage the tumour and fill with bone graft
what is a simple bone cyst (aka unicameral bone cyst)
a single cavity benign fluid filled cyst in a bone
what causes a simple bone cyst
growth defect from the physis
where do you get simple bone cyst
(as growth defect in physis) metaphyseal in long bones (proximal humerus and femur), can also occur in the talus or calcaneus
why is curattage with a bone graft a possible option for a simple bone cyst (+/- stabilisation)
as it may weaken bone causing pathological fracture
what is an aneurysmal bone cyst
lots of chambers filled with blood or serum
where do you get aneurysmal bone cysts
can occur in the metaphyses of long bones, flat bones (ribs, skull) and vertebral bodies
what are the risks with an aneurysmal cyst
they are locally aggressive, cause cortical expansion and destruction and usually pain. risk of pathological fracture
what is the treatment for aneurysmal cysts
curattage and bone graft/ bone cement
where do you get giant cell tumours
metaphyseal and epiphysis regions, can extend to subchondral bone adjacent to the joint
commonly occur around knee, and in the distal radius, other long bones, pelvis and the spine
what is the risk of giant cell tumours
can be locally aggressive, destroy cortex, painful, can cause pathological fracture, 5% can metastasise to the lung (still considered benign)
what are the benign bone tumours
osteochondroma, enchondroma, simple and aneurysmal bone cyst, giant cell tumour, fibrous dysplasia, osteoid osteoma, brodies abscess
when do giant cell tumours occur
after the physis has fused