Histo Essentials Flashcards by Jasper Viloria

Form of chromatin that is transcriptionally inactive

Heterochromatin

ex. Barr bodies

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Where are ribosomes produced

Nucleolus

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3 zones of the nucleolus

Granular zone
Dense fibrillar zone
Fibrillar zone

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Positively charged proteins forming the nucleosome & solenoid fibers in the chromatin

Histones

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Site of drug detoxification, steroid hormone synthesis

SER

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Site of synthesis of cytosolic proteins

Free ribosomes

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Only protein synthesized by the RER for export, that is not packed by the Golgi apparatus

Collagen

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Cytoskeleton component used as a tumor marker

Int. Filament

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Tumor Markers:
Epithelial cells (SCCA, adeoncarcinoma)

Cytokeratin

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Tumor Markers:
Endothelial cells (vascular smooth muscle), Fibroblasts, Chondroblasts

Vimentin

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Tumor Markers:

Skeletal and smooth muscle

Desmin

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Tumor Markers:

Neurons

Neurofilament

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Tumor Markers:

Glial cells

Glial fibrillar acidic protein

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Tumor Markers:

Inner membrane of a nuclear envelope

Laminins A, B, C

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3 types of microtubule associated proteins

Kinesin (anterograde transport)
Dynein (retrograde transport)
Dynamin (elongation of axons)

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Basal Side Add-ons

1) Infoldings with pumps, channels, etc
2) Hemidesmosomes
3) Basal Lamina (Type 4 collagen)

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Lateral Membrane Add-ons

1) Zonula occludens (Tight junctions, subclassified as tight and leaky)
2) Zonula adherens
3) Macula adherens - Desmosomes
4) Gap junctions - Nexus junction

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(+) Nikolsky sign seen in what diseases?

Pemphigus vulgaris

TEN

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Function of cilia in eukaryotes

Sensory functions and Movement of fluid

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Where can kinocilium be found?

Inner ear (endolymph)

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Major functions of the different types of cartilage

Hyaline (smooth surface for easy movement)
Elastic (support, flexibility, shape)
Fibrocartilage (shock absorber)

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Key differences between cartilage and bone?

Cartilage: No mineralization, avascular, no nerves, no gap junctions

Bone: low hydration, high rate of repair, (+) gap junctions, (+) hormonal response

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Percentages!

Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium in Bone?

Ca: 99%
P: 85%
Mg: 65%

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Functional unit of a compact bone

Haversian system/Osteon

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Structure that houses the osteoclast

Howship's lacunae

Connects one Haversian canal to another

Volkmann's canal

What type of collagen? | Vitreous humor

What type of collagen? | Scar tissue

Early: III | Late & Predominant: I

What type of collagen? | Lens capsule

What type of collagen? | Elastic cartilage

Simple Squamous Epith

``` Type 1 pneumocytes Endothelium of vessels Parietal layer (Bowman's) Mesothelium Corneal endothelium ```

Stratified Squamous Epith

Cornified: Skin Non-cornified: oral cavity, esophagus, anus below the anal valves, vagina up to extocervix, male urethra up to the fossa navicularis

Simple Columnar Epith

Bronchioles, Uterus and fallopian tubes, GIT (stomach to anal verge), Excretory duct lining

Stratified columnar epith

Male urethra except the fossa navicularis

Pseudostratified columnar

Ciliated: Respiratory epith | Non-ciliated: epidydymis, vas deferens

Simple cuboidal

Resp. bronchioles, thyroid cells, germinal epith of the ovary, lens of the eye, pigment layer of the retina

Stratified cuboidal epith

Lining of mammary ducts

Most important histopathologic indicator of CNS injury

Gliosis

Unipolar neurons

Posterior root ganglia | Cranial nerves

Bipolar neurons

Vestibular, cochlear, retinal, olfactory nerves

Multipolar neurons

The rest of the CNS :P

Phenomenon when the Nissl substance moves and becomes concentrated in the periphery esp. during fatigue

Chromatolysis

Glial cell that transports CSF to the hypophyseal portal system

Tanycytes

Epidermal dendritic cells

Langerhans Cells

Layer of the skin only found in the regions of thick stratum corneum? Where are these regions?

Stratum lucidum | Palms and soles

Layer of the skin filled with basophilic keratohyaline granules

Stratum Granulosom

Layers of the Skin

``` Corneum Lucidum Granulosm Spinosum Basale ```

2 types of Sudoriferous glands

Sweat glands 1) Eccine 2) Apocrine

Red fiber or White fiber? | High myoglobin

Red fiber

Red fiber or White fiber? | Anaerobic glycolysis

White fiber

Red fiber or White fiber? | High glycogen content

White fiber

Red fiber or White fiber? EOMs Anti-grav muscles

EOMs: White | Anti-grav: Red

Calcium binding protein in smooth muscle

Calmodulin

Actin attachment in smooth muscle

Dense bodies

Muscles capable of regeneration

Smooth | Minor: Skeletal

Only striation in the muscle that does not change position

A Band

3 parts of the Adenohypophysis

Pars distalis Pars intermedia - MSH Pars tuberalis - contains portal venules

3 parts of the Neurohypophysis

Pers nervosa Infundibular stalk Median eminence (floor of the 3rd ventricle)

3 cells in the ant. pituitary

chromophobes - reserve cells acidophils (GH and Prolactin) basophils (TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH)

Cells in the post. pituitary

Large unmyelinated axons (ADH - SON, Oxytocin from the PVN) Pituicytes Herring bodies

Produces calcitonin, thyroglobulin?

Parafollicular cells, Follicular cells

Cells of the parathyroid gland?

Chief cells - secrete PTH | Oxyphil cells

Weakly basophilic columnar cells which are modified post ganglionic neurons who have lost their dendrites and axons

Chromaffin cells

4 types of tongue papillae

Filliform - no taste buds Fungiform - innervated by CN VII Circumvallate - associated with von Ebner's glands, innervate by CN IX Foliate - Innervated by CN VII and IX

Secretion of the parotid gland?

Serous (CN IX)

Secretion of the mandibular gland?

Serous > Mucous (CN VII) accounts for 70% of saliva production

Secretion of the sublingual gland?

Mucous > Serous (CN VII)

GI | Produces IF and HCL

Parietal cells

GI | Produces histamine

Enterochromaffin-like cells

GI | Produces somatostatin

Enterochromaffin cells

Area of the Small intestine with Brunner's glands?

Duodenum

Area of the Small intestine with Peyers Patches?

Ileum

Where can the Crypts of Lieberkuhn be found?

Muscularis mucosae

Cells in the Duodenum

``` LSPIKE L Cell - GLP 1 S cell - Secretin Paneth cell - Lyzozyme I Cell - CCK K Cell - GIP Enteroendocrine cells - Phospholipase A and defensins ```

Differences between the SI and LI

Haustra, appendices epiplocae, taenia coli in LI

Where are Kuppfer cells seen? be specific

Liver sinusoid

Where are Ito Cells found?

Perisinusoidal stellate cells are in the space of Disse

Zones of the Liver Acinus

I: Periportal II: Midzonal III: Centrilobular

Gallbladder lacks this layer

Muscularis mucosae

Pockets of the gallbladder mucosa in the muscular layer

Rokitansky Aschoff sinuses

Function and location of Clara cells

Conducting portion of resp. epith | Metabolizes airborne toxins

Smooth muscle extends up to where in the respiratory tree? Elastic fiber?

SM: alveolar ducts EF: alveolar sacs

Order of the Structures of the resp. system

``` Trachea Main bronchi Lobar bronchi Segmental bronchi Terminal bronchioles ``` Resp. bronchioles Alveolar ducts Alveolar sacs Alveoli

Allows passage of bacteria and exudates between adjacent alveoli

Pores of Kohn

JGA: Contain receptors for angiotensin II and ANP

Mesangial cells

JGA: Secretes Renin

JG Cells

JGA: Monitors Na conc in the distal tubules

Macula Densa

Lifespan of reticulocytes

1-2 days

Lifespan of neutrophils

5.4 days

Bilobulated nucelus

Eosinophils

NK Cells and TH2 cells detect MHC1 or 2?

MHC 1

TH4 cells detect MHC 1 or 2

MHC 2

Large bilubulated U shaped nucleus

Monocytes

Monocytes in granulomas

Epitheloid cells

Monocytes in the spleen?

Sinusoidal cells

Most powerful structure in the optical system (in terms of refraction)

Cornea

Produces aqueous humor

Ciliary body

Middle vascular layer of the eye

Uvea

5 (6 as of last month) layers of the Cornea

``` Epithelium Bowman's layer Stroma (Layer of Dua, preDescemet layer) Decemet's membrane Endothelium ```

Area of highest visual acuity

Fovea

Largest concentration of cone cells

Fovea

Pigmented spot near the center of the retina

Macula

Layers of the retina

1) Inner limiting membrane - outermost 2) optic nerve fibers 3) ganglion cells 4) inner plexiform 5) inner nuclear 6) outer plexiform 7) outer nuclear 8) outer limiting membrane 9) photoreceptor 10) pigment epithelium - innermost, where retinal detachment can occur

Layers of the lens

Capsule Cortex Nucleus

Layers of the TM

External: keratinized stratified squamous Middle: connective tissue, highly vascularized Internal: simple squamous

components and function of the kinetic labyrinth

Semicircular ducts | Angular movement

components and function of the static labyrinth

utricle and saccule | Linear acceleration and gravity

3 layers of the organ of Corti

Roof: vestibular membrane Floor: basilar membrane Lateral: stria vascularis