High Yield

Question 1

Laron Dwarves are known for have what mutation?

Answer 1

GH-R mutation

Question 2

Pygmies are known for having what?

Answer 2

Lack of pubertal IGF-1 surge

Question 3

Pakistani are known for having what mutations?

Answer 3

GHRH-R mutation

Question 4

Increased levels of GH does what?

Answer 4

Increases gluconeogenesis, increases insulin resistance and mimics a diabetogenic state

Question 5

What are the normal, prediabetes, and diabetic values for A1c?

Answer 5

5, 5.7-6.4, and 6.5 or higher

Question 6

What are the normal, prediabetes, and diabetic values for Fasting glucose?

Answer 6

99 or lower, 100-125, and 126 or higher

Question 7

What are the normal, prediabetes, and diabetic values for Oral glucose tolerance test?

Answer 7

139 or lower, 140-199, and 200 or higher

Question 8

MEN1 is associated with tumors where?

Answer 8

Pancreas, pituitary, and parathyroid

Question 9

MEN2a are associated with tumors where?

Answer 9

Parathyroid and pheochromocytoma

Question 10

MEN2b are associated with what tumors?

Answer 10

MEN2b

Question 11

Rathkes pouch forms what?

Answer 11

Anterior pituitary

Question 12

Neural ectoderm (diencephalon) forms what?

Answer 12

Posterior lobe

Question 13

Duplication of the ureters leads to what?

Answer 13

Ectopic placement leading to openings in the vagina

Question 14

Multiple renal vessels leads to what?

Answer 14

Blocked ureters - hydronephrosis and increased hydrostatic pressure

Question 15

ANF does what?

Answer 15

Afferent vasodilation

Question 16

Acidosis does what to potassium?

Answer 16

inhibits uptake into cells possibly leading to hypokalemia

Question 17

Increased serum osmolality does what to potassium?

Answer 17

Increased K+ exit from cells

Question 18

What are some conditions that favor potassium secretion?

Answer 18

Apical - Increased fluid flow, pH, and Na Decreased - Cl

Basolateral - Increased ADH, aldosterone, potassium gradient and pH

Question 19

How will the kidney react to a state of metabolic alkalosis?

Answer 19

Excrete bicarbonate to decrease pH

Question 20

How will the kidney react to increase pCO2?

Answer 20

It will begin to excrete H+ ions

Question 21

What is the normal progression of T2 DM?

Answer 21

Eventually the islet cells wear out and stop producing insulin

Question 22

Acidosis has what effect on ammonium excretion?

Answer 22

Increased levels of ammonium excretion

Question 23

Would you see acanthros nigrans on a patient with T1DM?

Answer 23

No

Question 24

Would you see acanthros nigrans on a patient with T1DM?

Answer 24

No also no C-peptide

Question 25

Environmental cause of nephrogenic DI?

Answer 25

Lithium

Question 26

Pheochromocytoma can result in?

Answer 26

Increased calcitonin

Question 27

Insufficient effect of ACTH on the adrenals

Answer 27

Hypoplasia

Question 28

FENa <1%

Answer 28

Prerenal

Question 29

FENa >4%

Answer 29

Postrenal

Question 30

White blood cells in urine?

Answer 30

Drug induced interstitial nephritis

Question 31

Hypercalcuria

Answer 31

Bartters

Question 32

Hypercalcemia

Answer 32

Gittlemans

Question 33

Acidosis does what to urine ammonium?

Answer 33

Increases it

Question 34

Lesch-neyan

Answer 34

HGPRT deficiency