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Renal and Endocrine > 3.5.1 Hormonal Regulation of Metabolism > Flashcards

3.5.1 Hormonal Regulation of Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Excess ketones in T1DM is a result of what 4 conditions?

A

High glucagon

TG broken down to glycerol and FA

FA to ketones

Renal solute load (+glucose)

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2
Q

What are some of the chronic complications of hyperglycemia?

A
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3
Q

Membrane potential is related to what of the cell?

A

electrical activity

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4
Q

Glucagon favors what type of bodily state?

A

Catabolic state

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5
Q

What are the preferred treatment methods for T1DM? T2DM?

A

T1DM: insulin

T2DM: diet and excercise, weight loss

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6
Q

What are the consequences of insulin deficiency?

(Good luck lol)

A
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7
Q

What does insulin with glucose promote and inhibit?

A

Promote gluconeogenesis and lipogenesis

Inhibits liver glucose release

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8
Q

What is the pathway within the Beta cell that ultimately results in the secretion of insulin?

A

Depolarization leading to Ca++ uptake

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9
Q

What tissues does insulin not target?

A

Brain, kidney and blood cells

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10
Q

What are some of the upregulators/downregualtors of glucagon secretion from alpha islet cells?

A
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11
Q

A 14 AA polypeptide stimulated by glucose and AA leading to slow gastric emptying?

A

Somatostatin

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12
Q

What are some of the factors (beyond glucose) that increase/decrease insulin secretion from beta cells?

A
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13
Q

What two conditions mobilize GLUT4 to the plasma membrane?

A

Insulin and exercise

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14
Q

What are the six steps through which glucose leads to the secretion of insulin from beta cells?

A
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15
Q

Administration of the protein with insulin provides better control of plasma glucose levels

A

Amylin

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16
Q

How does insulin affect AAs and Fatty acids?

A

AAs: active transport, protein synthesis, decrease protein breakdown

Fatty acids: uptake by adipose, inhibits HSL

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17
Q

Glucagon does what to blood glucose levels?

A

Increases blood glucose

18
Q

What are the blood glucose levels for IGT and IFG?

A

IGT: 140-199 mg/dL

IGF: 100-125 mg/dL

19
Q

Gestational diabetes increases the risk for what condition?

A

T2DM within next 10-20 years

20
Q

Insulin does what to blood glucose levels?

A

Lowers blood glucose levels

Stimulates glucose uptake, glycogenesis, and protein synthesis

21
Q

How does plasma levels of glucagon change as plasma glucose increases?

22
Q

What are the various glucose transporters and their characteristics?

23
Q

What three conditions occur in T1DM leading to hyperglycemia?

A
  1. lack of insulin restricts glucose movement into cells
  2. increased glucagon secretion
  3. protein catabolism
24
Q

Alterations in glucose levels varies the activity of what channel?

A

Potassium channel activity

25
Q

What is secreted by: delta, F, and epsilon of the pancreatic islet?

A

Delta: Somatostatin

F: Pancreatic polypeptide

Epsilon: ghrelin

26
Q

What two effects does glucagon have on the liver?

A

Promotes glucose release from liver

Promotes gluconeogenesis in the liver (PEPCK)

27
Q

Which cells within the islet secrete glucagon?

A

Alpha cells

28
Q

A glucose of what after an O/N fast is diagnostic of diabetes?

29
Q

How does arginine effect insulin secretion?

30
Q

What is typically present in T2DM?

A

Insulin resistance

31
Q

Is glucose entry rate limiting regarding its effects on the beta cell (what does it use to enter)? What does glucose induce within the beta cell?

A

No, Glut2

Induce: electrical activity

32
Q

What tissue does glucagon target and what is the effect?

A

Liver primary

Not muscle

33
Q

What is the main target of glucagon? What type of effect does it have?

A

Liver; catabolic effects

34
Q

Protein that slows gastric emptying and suppresses the postprandial secretion of glucagon?

35
Q

How does glucagon effect proteins and fat?

A

Protein: Stim hepatic proteolysis, liver AA uptake, and hepatic ureagenesis

Fat (adipose): lipolysis in adipose, (+) of HSL, TG broken down to FA and glycerol

Fat (liver): FA to ketones, glycerol to glucose

36
Q

Insulin favors what type of bodily state?

A

anabolic state

37
Q

What suppresses the mobilization of GLUT4 to the plasma membrane?

38
Q

How does insulin secretion increase in response to varying levels of glucose concentrations?

39
Q

Describe the feedback triangle of the islet

40
Q

What type of drugs regulate the K channel activity?

A

Sulfonylurea drugs

41
Q

What organ is this? What are the two parts?

A

The pancreas

42
Q

What does Hannah Swaggerty like to do in her free time?

A

Slide down the stairs on a matress while pretending she is Aladdin

Renal and Endocrine (46 decks)

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