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Renal and Endocrine > 3.5.2 Hormonal Regulation of Metabolism > Flashcards

3.5.2 Hormonal Regulation of Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

What is the process of ketone body metabolism in cells?

A
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2
Q

What is the post absorbitive phase?

A
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3
Q

What occurs during a short fast?

A

Low insulin

increase glucagon

Increased GH

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4
Q

Explain the hormonal response to hypoglycemia in regards to glucose levels, epi and norepi, cortisol, GH, and glucagon.

A
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5
Q

Discuss the fuel utilization for various tissues

A
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6
Q

What is the genetic defect in MEN1?

A

Menin encoded by MEN1 gene

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7
Q

Insulin is a major inhibitor of what produced by alpha cells?

A

Glucagon

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8
Q

MEN1 is associated with hyperplasia of what organs?

A

The 3 P’s

Pituitary

Pancreas

Parathyroid

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9
Q

Where are ketone bodies synthesized?

A

Synthesized in the mitochondria

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10
Q

Explain the mobilization of TG from adipose

A
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11
Q

What are some of the effects of GH on other tissues?

A

Decreases glucose uptake

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12
Q

What is the role of GH on adipose tissue?

A

Stimulates lipolysis

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13
Q

How does adipocytes have an endocrine role?

A

They have a role in steroid metabolism

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14
Q

How can obesity affect the levels of leptin?

A

Obesity will increase levels of lepitin but there can be an apparent resistance

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15
Q

What is RBP4?

A
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16
Q

What occurs during a prolonged fast?

A

Increased glucagon, cortisol and catecholamines

Low levels of insulin

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17
Q

What are the characteristics of MEN2b?

A

Constitutively active Tyr kinase

Pheochromocytoma

Medullary thyroid cancer

Mucosal neuromas

18
Q

What is hypoglycemic unawareness?

A

Reduced hormone response to hypoglycemia

19
Q

What is leptin?

A

Come from adipocytes

Fasting will decrease leptin and increase appetite

Serum levels are proportional to overall adipose mass

20
Q

What is the absorbitive phase?

A
21
Q

What are the basic characteristics of MEN2?

A
22
Q

What is the role of thyroid hormone in protein metabolism?

A

TH has permissive effects - may regulate GH

Excess will lead to protein catabolism

23
Q

What is the role of catecholamines in glucose homeostatis in the panceras, liver, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue?

A
24
Q

What is the effect of GH on the liver?

A

Stimulates gluconeogenesis

25
Q

What is adiponectin?

A

Levels will be decreased in obese individuals elevated in leaner individuals

26
Q

What is the role of adipose tissue on energy homeostasis?

A

Senses blood glucose

Assesses rate of glucose delivery

Critical role in energy homeostasis (energy storage)

27
Q

Can adipocytes have a role in immune response?

A

Yes adipocytes can have a proinflammatory role

28
Q

What can occur in glucose homeostasis with excess thyroid hormone?

A

Glycogenolysis

29
Q

What are some sources of fuel for cells?

A
30
Q

What are the overall effects of leptin?

A

Reduced body fat and weight - until there is resistance

31
Q

What occurs to levels of ketone bodies in fasted and staved states?

A
32
Q

What are some symptoms associated with excess glucocorticoids?

A

Mimics a catabolic state

Insulin resistance

Hyperglycemia

Redistribution of fat

33
Q

What are two main symptoms associated with glucocorticoid deficiency?

A

Insulin sensitivity

Hypoglycemia

34
Q

How are glucagon and catecholamines regulated by hypoglycemia?

A

Glucagon - increased by hypoglycemia

decreased by insulin and elevated glucose

Catecholamines - Hypoglycemia induces sympathetic neuronal activity in the adrenal medulla

35
Q

Reduced levels of adiponectin have been associated with?

A

Insulin resistance

36
Q

What are some of the effects of adiponectin on skeletal muscle and in the liver?

A
37
Q

MEN2a has what characteristics?

A

Ligand-independent of dimerization of RET

Pheochromocytoma

Medullary thyroid cancer

38
Q

Glucocorticoids (cortisol) can what what effect glucose levels, lipids, and proteins?

A

Assisting in fasting state

Increased gluconeogenesis

Increased lipolysis

Increased protein

Decreased glucose uptake by cells

39
Q

How does thyroid hormone affect glucose homeostasis?

A

Increases cells sensitivity to insulin and epinephrine

Increased basal metabolic rate and fuel consumption by increased Na/K ATPase

40
Q

What are the effects of thyroid hormone on lipid metabolism and basal metabolic rate?

A
41
Q

How are cortisol and GH regulated by hypoglycemia?

A

GH - Increased GHRH and reduced somatostatin

Cortisol - Hypoglycemia induces hypothalamic release CRH

42
Q

What are some of the actions of GH (3)?

What are some of the actions of IGF-1 (3)?

A

Renal and Endocrine (46 decks)

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