3.5.2 Hormonal Regulation of Metabolism Flashcards
What is the process of ketone body metabolism in cells?
What is the post absorbitive phase?
What occurs during a short fast?
Low insulin
increase glucagon
Increased GH
Explain the hormonal response to hypoglycemia in regards to glucose levels, epi and norepi, cortisol, GH, and glucagon.
Discuss the fuel utilization for various tissues
What is the genetic defect in MEN1?
Menin encoded by MEN1 gene
Insulin is a major inhibitor of what produced by alpha cells?
Glucagon
MEN1 is associated with hyperplasia of what organs?
The 3 P’s
Pituitary
Pancreas
Parathyroid
Where are ketone bodies synthesized?
Synthesized in the mitochondria
Explain the mobilization of TG from adipose
What are some of the effects of GH on other tissues?
Decreases glucose uptake
What is the role of GH on adipose tissue?
Stimulates lipolysis
How does adipocytes have an endocrine role?
They have a role in steroid metabolism
How can obesity affect the levels of leptin?
Obesity will increase levels of lepitin but there can be an apparent resistance
What is RBP4?
What occurs during a prolonged fast?
Increased glucagon, cortisol and catecholamines
Low levels of insulin
What are the characteristics of MEN2b?
Constitutively active Tyr kinase
Pheochromocytoma
Medullary thyroid cancer
Mucosal neuromas
What is hypoglycemic unawareness?
Reduced hormone response to hypoglycemia
What is leptin?
Come from adipocytes
Fasting will decrease leptin and increase appetite
Serum levels are proportional to overall adipose mass
What is the absorbitive phase?
What are the basic characteristics of MEN2?
What is the role of thyroid hormone in protein metabolism?
TH has permissive effects - may regulate GH
Excess will lead to protein catabolism
What is the role of catecholamines in glucose homeostatis in the panceras, liver, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue?
What is the effect of GH on the liver?
Stimulates gluconeogenesis
What is adiponectin?
Levels will be decreased in obese individuals elevated in leaner individuals
What is the role of adipose tissue on energy homeostasis?
Senses blood glucose
Assesses rate of glucose delivery
Critical role in energy homeostasis (energy storage)
Can adipocytes have a role in immune response?
Yes adipocytes can have a proinflammatory role
What can occur in glucose homeostasis with excess thyroid hormone?
Glycogenolysis
What are some sources of fuel for cells?
What are the overall effects of leptin?
Reduced body fat and weight - until there is resistance
What occurs to levels of ketone bodies in fasted and staved states?
What are some symptoms associated with excess glucocorticoids?
Mimics a catabolic state
Insulin resistance
Hyperglycemia
Redistribution of fat
What are two main symptoms associated with glucocorticoid deficiency?
Insulin sensitivity
Hypoglycemia
How are glucagon and catecholamines regulated by hypoglycemia?
Glucagon - increased by hypoglycemia
decreased by insulin and elevated glucose
Catecholamines - Hypoglycemia induces sympathetic neuronal activity in the adrenal medulla
Reduced levels of adiponectin have been associated with?
Insulin resistance
What are some of the effects of adiponectin on skeletal muscle and in the liver?
MEN2a has what characteristics?
Ligand-independent of dimerization of RET
Pheochromocytoma
Medullary thyroid cancer
Glucocorticoids (cortisol) can what what effect glucose levels, lipids, and proteins?
Assisting in fasting state
Increased gluconeogenesis
Increased lipolysis
Increased protein
Decreased glucose uptake by cells
How does thyroid hormone affect glucose homeostasis?
Increases cells sensitivity to insulin and epinephrine
Increased basal metabolic rate and fuel consumption by increased Na/K ATPase
What are the effects of thyroid hormone on lipid metabolism and basal metabolic rate?
How are cortisol and GH regulated by hypoglycemia?
GH - Increased GHRH and reduced somatostatin
Cortisol - Hypoglycemia induces hypothalamic release CRH
What are some of the actions of GH (3)?
What are some of the actions of IGF-1 (3)?
