hematology Flashcards
Where are the main components of plasma produced
Liver
What are erythrocytes and what do they do
Red blood cells
O2 and CO2 transport, H+ buffering
What are leukocytes and what do they do
White blood cells
body defenses
What are platelets and what do they do
thrombocytes
Hemostasis, inflamationq
What are the layers of the hicrohematocrit tube from the top down
Plasma
Buffy coat
Packed erythrocytes
Clay
What’s an average PCV for mammals
35-45% depending on animal
What is an average blood volume
7-8% varies by species, body weight, activity level
What is a buffy coat
White blood cell layer in hematocrit tube between plasma and packed erythrocytes
What 3 problems/things can plasma appearance/color identify
Hemolysis
Lipemia (looks like strawberry milkshake)
Icterus index
What is a mistake someone can make that causes hemolysis of cells
Not taking off the needle when transferring the blood into test tubes
What are 5 things you can get from a microhematocrit tube
PCV Buffy coat Plasma appearance/color Plasma protein conc. Fibrinogen
What’s the difference between blood and serum
Serum is blood that was allowed to coagulate
Platelets separate out in serum
What are some properties of plasma proteins
Transport of nutrients, hromones, waste, drugs
acid-base
Immunity
Hemostasis
Where are plasma proteins synthesized
liver
What is a electrophroadogram (?)
graph with readout of protein levels
What does anti-thrombin do
Inhibits thrombin and certain other coagulation factors
Requires GAG’s for optimal activity
What does a1-protease inhibitor do
inhibits proteases released during inflammation
Inhibits certain coagulation factors
What does transferrin do
2 binding sites to Fe+3
Iron transport through the body
What is ferritin
storage form of iron
found inside cells
plasma ferritin correlates with total body iron stores
What does haptoglobin do
Binds plasma hemoglobin irreversibly
Prevents against bacterial infections
antioxidant activity
What are chylomicrons
Synthesized from intestine, transport fatty things
What are midichlorians
Microorganisms that allow one to feel the force
What are LDLs
major mechanism by which cholesterol is transported to peripheral tissues
What do HDLs do
transport cholesterol from tissues back to the liver
Wher are specialized cells mainly produced
bone marrow
What is in the buffy coat
leukocytes
plateltes
What does fibrogenigen increase with
inflammation
Fibrogen decreases with
DIC
What are some reasons of artifactual hemolysis
Difficult blood withdrawal
Transfer of whole blood through needle
Contact of sample tube with ice
Warm temp and transport without ice
What are the two blood readings
Chemistry profile
Protein electrophoresis
What is a chemistry profile
Total protein
albumin
What is a protein electrophoresis
Total protein (analyzer) Agarose or cellulose acetate gel
What are major differences in hematology between mammals and non mammals
Mammals: Only leukocytes are nucleated, relatively consistent
Non: all cell lines are nucleated, variability
What tube type do you use in mammals
EDTA
What tube type do you use in non-mammals
Heparin
What should you avoid when staining blood
Heat
Humidity
What 3 cell lines should you evaluate with a CBC
Erythrocytes
Leukocytes
Platelets/thrombocytes
What is a leukogram
analyze white blood cells
What are clinically significant changes with normal WBC
Increased immature neutrophils
Decreased neutrophils
Decreased lymphocytes
What is the WBC estimate
average in 10 fields x objective power
What are PMNs
neutrophils only
What are mature neutorphils
segmented neutrophils
What are bands
refers to neutrophilic bands only
What is the most numerous cell in many species as well as the first line of defence
Neutrophils
Where the neutrophil storage pool smallest and largest
Small: cattle
Large: dogs
What does a left shift mean for a neutrophil
inflammatory leukogram
pancreatitis
there are more bands than the reference interval
What is a left shift
Response to increased demand for neutrophils in peripheral tissues
