Echinocyte formation Flashcards by Vet Med

What are acanthocytes

excess cholesterol vs phospholipids
liver disease
young goats

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Keratocytes

iron deficiency anemia

liver disorder

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Stomatocytes

artifact in thick blood film

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Basophilic stippling

diffuse pattern
Aggregates of ribosomes
Lead toxicity
Regenerative anemia

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Nucleated erythrocytes

metarubicytes and rubicytes
regenerative anemia
Lead toxicity
marrow injury
splenic dysfunction

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Marrow injury not anemic

septicemia
endotoxic shock
drugs

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Marrow diseases with nonregenerative anemia

myelodysplasia

heamoopoietic neoplasims

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Spherocytes

Immune mediated hemolytic anemia in dog
snake bites/bee stings
Zon toxicity
transfusion of stored blood

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Lysed erythrocytes

in vivo hemolysis membranes rapidly cleared
in vitro hemolysis
smudged cells

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Schistocytes

Fragmented cells
DIC in dogs
iron deficiency and a bunch of other things

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Howell jolly bodies

low numbers in horses and cats
Increased in regenerative anemia
Splecectomy
Glucocorticoids

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Heinz bodies

use new methylene blue

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Howell Jolly vs. Heinz

Heinz-pale pink only with new methylene blue basophilic

Howell Jolly- basophilic on both wright-giesma and new methylene blue

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Heinz bodies in small animals

splencectomy
onion and garlic ingestion
moth balls
acetamimophin

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Heinz bodies in large onions

Kale, onion, red maple leaves, copper toxicity, winter rye

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Infectious agents of erythrocytes

BABBBEESSIAAAAAA
rickettsial organisms
Mycoplasmal organisms
Distemper

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Eccentrocytes

Oxidant injury
acetomenophin
onions

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Oxidative injury

Environment
Hemoglobin: methemoglobin and Heinz bodies
Membranes: increased phagocytosis or intravascular hemolysis

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Methemoglobin test

Spot test

Color of blood will be darker

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causes of methemoglobinemia

oxidant drugs

hereditary erythrocyte methemoglobin reductase deficiency

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Clinical signs of methemoglobinemia

decreased exercise, lethargy, coma

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Blast cells

first recognizable precursor
become smaller as they mature
become less basophilic
nucleus matures

What are the three cell types in the blood marrow

Ertyhroid
Myeloid
megakaryocyte

Erythroid will mature into

erythrocytes

Myeloid will mature into

granulocytes

Megakaryocyte will mature into

plateltes

Hematopoietic regulation

Growth factors and cytokines | Overlapping effects

What are examples of positive regulators of hematopoietic

Erythropoietin Throbopoietin greanulocyte colony stimulating

What are negative regulators of hemapoteic

anemia of chronic inflammation | body tires to hide iron in liver and spleen

Where are reticulocytes released from

Bone marrow

What are reticulocytes

anculeated erythrocytes still contain RNA, golgi, ER, mitochondria 1-2% RBC

Clinical correlate to reticulocytes

Number of circulating reticulocytes increases when an animal responds appropriately to anemia...except horses...because they are horses.

Reticulocytosis

increased number of reticulocytes Indicates hemorrhage or increased erythrocyte destruction Indicates regenerative anemia

What happens when anemia is present

Greater degree of release of reticulocytes from bone marrow

What do erythrocytes indicate

mean cell volume Mean cell hemoglobin conc red cell distribution width erythrocyte vol histograms

Large erythrocyte

macrocyte

normal size erythrocyte

normocyte

small erythroctye

microcyte

Dark erythrocyte

Hyperchromic

normal color erythrocyte

normochromic

pale erythrocyte

hypochromic

torocytes

air drying artifact

What is the most common reason for macrocytosis

Regenerative anemia

What is the most common occurrence of microcytosis

iron deficiency

What is the cause of low HCHC

regenerative anemias | chronic iron deficiency anemia

Increased RDW

Anemias with increased large reticulocytes Iron deficiency Blood transfusion

Anemia in the neonate

absorption of colostrum | low blood erythropoietin

What do you see in regenerative anemia

Increased polychromasia increased anisocytosis metarubicytosis

Physical findings of regenerative anemia

Pale mucous membranes Weakness, low stamina Tachy cardiac murmur

Classification of anemia

HCT

Classification of anemia: regenerative or nonregenerative

Absolute retic. count increased | increased polychromaisa

What are some causes of echinocytesa

excess anticoagulents

Main thing you will see in regenerative anemia

increased polychromasia

What is regenerative anemia

blood loss with adequate time for reticulocyte response