Echinocyte formation Flashcards
What are acanthocytes
excess cholesterol vs phospholipids
liver disease
young goats
Keratocytes
iron deficiency anemia
liver disorder
Stomatocytes
artifact in thick blood film
Basophilic stippling
diffuse pattern
Aggregates of ribosomes
Lead toxicity
Regenerative anemia
Nucleated erythrocytes
metarubicytes and rubicytes regenerative anemia Lead toxicity marrow injury splenic dysfunction
Marrow injury not anemic
septicemia
endotoxic shock
drugs
Marrow diseases with nonregenerative anemia
myelodysplasia
heamoopoietic neoplasims
Spherocytes
Immune mediated hemolytic anemia in dog
snake bites/bee stings
Zon toxicity
transfusion of stored blood
Lysed erythrocytes
in vivo hemolysis membranes rapidly cleared
in vitro hemolysis
smudged cells
Schistocytes
Fragmented cells
DIC in dogs
iron deficiency and a bunch of other things
Howell jolly bodies
low numbers in horses and cats
Increased in regenerative anemia
Splecectomy
Glucocorticoids
Heinz bodies
use new methylene blue
Howell Jolly vs. Heinz
Heinz-pale pink only with new methylene blue basophilic
Howell Jolly- basophilic on both wright-giesma and new methylene blue
Heinz bodies in small animals
splencectomy
onion and garlic ingestion
moth balls
acetamimophin
Heinz bodies in large onions
Kale, onion, red maple leaves, copper toxicity, winter rye
Infectious agents of erythrocytes
BABBBEESSIAAAAAA
rickettsial organisms
Mycoplasmal organisms
Distemper
Eccentrocytes
Oxidant injury
acetomenophin
onions
Oxidative injury
Environment
Hemoglobin: methemoglobin and Heinz bodies
Membranes: increased phagocytosis or intravascular hemolysis
Methemoglobin test
Spot test
Color of blood will be darker
causes of methemoglobinemia
oxidant drugs
hereditary erythrocyte methemoglobin reductase deficiency
Clinical signs of methemoglobinemia
decreased exercise, lethargy, coma
Blast cells
first recognizable precursor
become smaller as they mature
become less basophilic
nucleus matures
What are the three cell types in the blood marrow
Ertyhroid
Myeloid
megakaryocyte
Erythroid will mature into
erythrocytes
Myeloid will mature into
granulocytes
Megakaryocyte will mature into
plateltes
Hematopoietic regulation
Growth factors and cytokines
Overlapping effects
What are examples of positive regulators of hematopoietic
Erythropoietin
Throbopoietin
greanulocyte colony stimulating
What are negative regulators of hemapoteic
anemia of chronic inflammation
body tires to hide iron in liver and spleen
Where are reticulocytes released from
Bone marrow
What are reticulocytes
anculeated erythrocytes
still contain RNA, golgi, ER, mitochondria
1-2% RBC
Clinical correlate to reticulocytes
Number of circulating reticulocytes increases when an animal responds appropriately to anemia…except horses…because they are horses.
Reticulocytosis
increased number of reticulocytes
Indicates hemorrhage or increased erythrocyte destruction
Indicates regenerative anemia
What happens when anemia is present
Greater degree of release of reticulocytes from bone marrow
What do erythrocytes indicate
mean cell volume
Mean cell hemoglobin conc
red cell distribution width
erythrocyte vol histograms
Large erythrocyte
macrocyte
normal size erythrocyte
normocyte
small erythroctye
microcyte
Dark erythrocyte
Hyperchromic
normal color erythrocyte
normochromic
pale erythrocyte
hypochromic
torocytes
air drying artifact
What is the most common reason for macrocytosis
Regenerative anemia
What is the most common occurrence of microcytosis
iron deficiency
What is the cause of low HCHC
regenerative anemias
chronic iron deficiency anemia
Increased RDW
Anemias with increased large reticulocytes
Iron deficiency
Blood transfusion
Anemia in the neonate
absorption of colostrum
low blood erythropoietin
What do you see in regenerative anemia
Increased polychromasia
increased anisocytosis
metarubicytosis
Physical findings of regenerative anemia
Pale mucous membranes
Weakness, low stamina
Tachy
cardiac murmur
Classification of anemia
HCT
Classification of anemia: regenerative or nonregenerative
Absolute retic. count increased
increased polychromaisa
What are some causes of echinocytesa
excess anticoagulents
Main thing you will see in regenerative anemia
increased polychromasia
What is regenerative anemia
blood loss with adequate time for reticulocyte response
