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Immunology > Echinocyte formation > Flashcards

Echinocyte formation Flashcards

1
Q

What are acanthocytes

A

excess cholesterol vs phospholipids
liver disease
young goats

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2
Q

Keratocytes

A

iron deficiency anemia

liver disorder

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3
Q

Stomatocytes

A

artifact in thick blood film

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4
Q

Basophilic stippling

A

diffuse pattern
Aggregates of ribosomes
Lead toxicity
Regenerative anemia

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5
Q

Nucleated erythrocytes

A 
metarubicytes and rubicytes
regenerative anemia
Lead toxicity
marrow injury
splenic dysfunction
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6
Q

Marrow injury not anemic

A

septicemia
endotoxic shock
drugs

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7
Q

Marrow diseases with nonregenerative anemia

A

myelodysplasia

heamoopoietic neoplasims

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8
Q

Spherocytes

A

Immune mediated hemolytic anemia in dog
snake bites/bee stings
Zon toxicity
transfusion of stored blood

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9
Q

Lysed erythrocytes

A

in vivo hemolysis membranes rapidly cleared
in vitro hemolysis
smudged cells

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10
Q

Schistocytes

A

Fragmented cells
DIC in dogs
iron deficiency and a bunch of other things

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11
Q

Howell jolly bodies

A

low numbers in horses and cats
Increased in regenerative anemia
Splecectomy
Glucocorticoids

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12
Q

Heinz bodies

A

use new methylene blue

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13
Q

Howell Jolly vs. Heinz

A

Heinz-pale pink only with new methylene blue basophilic

Howell Jolly- basophilic on both wright-giesma and new methylene blue

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14
Q

Heinz bodies in small animals

A

splencectomy
onion and garlic ingestion
moth balls
acetamimophin

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15
Q

Heinz bodies in large onions

A

Kale, onion, red maple leaves, copper toxicity, winter rye

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16
Q

Infectious agents of erythrocytes

A

BABBBEESSIAAAAAA
rickettsial organisms
Mycoplasmal organisms
Distemper

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17
Q

Eccentrocytes

A

Oxidant injury
acetomenophin
onions

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18
Q

Oxidative injury

A

Environment
Hemoglobin: methemoglobin and Heinz bodies
Membranes: increased phagocytosis or intravascular hemolysis

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19
Q

Methemoglobin test

A

Spot test

Color of blood will be darker

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20
Q

causes of methemoglobinemia

A

oxidant drugs

hereditary erythrocyte methemoglobin reductase deficiency

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21
Q

Clinical signs of methemoglobinemia

A

decreased exercise, lethargy, coma

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22
Q

Blast cells

A

first recognizable precursor
become smaller as they mature
become less basophilic
nucleus matures

23
Q

What are the three cell types in the blood marrow

A

Ertyhroid
Myeloid
megakaryocyte

24
Q

Erythroid will mature into

A

erythrocytes

25
Q

Myeloid will mature into

A

granulocytes

26
Q

Megakaryocyte will mature into

A

plateltes

27
Q

Hematopoietic regulation

A

Growth factors and cytokines

Overlapping effects

28
Q

What are examples of positive regulators of hematopoietic

A

Erythropoietin
Throbopoietin
greanulocyte colony stimulating

29
Q

What are negative regulators of hemapoteic

A

anemia of chronic inflammation

body tires to hide iron in liver and spleen

30
Q

Where are reticulocytes released from

A

Bone marrow

31
Q

What are reticulocytes

A

anculeated erythrocytes
still contain RNA, golgi, ER, mitochondria
1-2% RBC

32
Q

Clinical correlate to reticulocytes

A

Number of circulating reticulocytes increases when an animal responds appropriately to anemia…except horses…because they are horses.

33
Q

Reticulocytosis

A

increased number of reticulocytes
Indicates hemorrhage or increased erythrocyte destruction
Indicates regenerative anemia

34
Q

What happens when anemia is present

A

Greater degree of release of reticulocytes from bone marrow

35
Q

What do erythrocytes indicate

A

mean cell volume
Mean cell hemoglobin conc
red cell distribution width
erythrocyte vol histograms

36
Q

Large erythrocyte

A

macrocyte

37
Q

normal size erythrocyte

A

normocyte

38
Q

small erythroctye

A

microcyte

39
Q

Dark erythrocyte

A

Hyperchromic

40
Q

normal color erythrocyte

A

normochromic

41
Q

pale erythrocyte

A

hypochromic

42
Q

torocytes

A

air drying artifact

43
Q

What is the most common reason for macrocytosis

A

Regenerative anemia

44
Q

What is the most common occurrence of microcytosis

A

iron deficiency

45
Q

What is the cause of low HCHC

A

regenerative anemias

chronic iron deficiency anemia

46
Q

Increased RDW

A

Anemias with increased large reticulocytes
Iron deficiency
Blood transfusion

47
Q

Anemia in the neonate

A

absorption of colostrum

low blood erythropoietin

48
Q

What do you see in regenerative anemia

A

Increased polychromasia
increased anisocytosis
metarubicytosis

49
Q

Physical findings of regenerative anemia

A

Pale mucous membranes
Weakness, low stamina
Tachy
cardiac murmur

50
Q

Classification of anemia

A

HCT

51
Q

Classification of anemia: regenerative or nonregenerative

A

Absolute retic. count increased

increased polychromaisa

52
Q

What are some causes of echinocytesa

A

excess anticoagulents

53
Q

Main thing you will see in regenerative anemia

A

increased polychromasia

54
Q

What is regenerative anemia

A

blood loss with adequate time for reticulocyte response

Immunology (28 decks)

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