Gynecological Concerns/ Issues in Men's Health Flashcards
Abnormal metabolism of androgens and estrogen; results in ovarian cysts
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS)
Overview
- The most common cause of infertility in women and one of the most common endocrine disorders of reproductive-age women
- Age of onset typically pre-menopause but dia~mosis may be delayed due to unmasking of symptoms during menopause; cause unknown but genetics thought to play a role
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS)
Symptoms/History: Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS)
- Menstrual irregularity
- _________
- Hirsutism
- Obesity and metabolic syndrome
- Acne
- Infertility
Associated Conditions with PCOS
- Diabetes, metabolic syndrome
- Heart and blood vessel complications.
- ______ cancer
- Sleep apnea
- Uterine cancer
Management: PCOS
- ______ changes (e.g., diet and exercise)
- Pharmacologic interventions
a. Oral contraceptives for menstrual regulation
b. Insulin-sensitizing medication
c. Hair removal treatment
d. Ache treatment
- Lifestyle
Benign breast condition with increased growth and fibrosis of breast tissue
Fibrocystic Breast Disease
Fibrocystic Breast Disease
1. The exact cause is unknown, though estrogen may play a
role
2. Approximately ____ of women will present with such
findings
50%
Symptoms/ History: Fibrocystic Breast Disease
1. Breast ______ (related to cycle), nodularity with cyst
formation/enlargement, possible breast discharge
- tenderness
Physical examination: Fibrocystic Breast Disease
1) Tenderness to the area; number or cystic is also variable
2) Mobile
3) Variable location/ shape/ consistency; maybe round or
nodular; soft or firm
4) Nipple _______ usually not present; when present, it
is clear
4) discharge
Malignancy of breast tissue
Breast Cancer
Breast Cancer:
1) The lifetime risk of breast cancer in women in the United State is _____
2) If a first-degree relative has had breast cancer, the risk increases 2 to 4 fold
1) 1:8
Breast Cancer:
- ____ tender; painless mass
- Asymptomatic; later symptoms include pain, erythema, dimpling, ulceration, nipple retraction
- None- tender
Breast Cancer:
1. Non- tender with poorly defined borders
2. FIxed; ____
3. May also find dimpling, nipple retractions, bloody
discharge, lymphadenopathy
4. My have bloody nipple discharge
- firm
Fibrocystic Breast
Diagnostic Tests:
1. Mammography: To identify mass, calcification; ____% of palpable masses are not visualized
2. FNA cytology
3. Excision biopsy: Most reliable; allows staging
- 15%
Breast Cancer:
- Mammography: To identify mass, calcifications: 15% of palpable masses are not visualized
- ____ cytology
- Excisional biopsy: Most reliable; allows staging
- FNA
Breast Cancer:
- Refer for:
a) ________
b) Chemotherapy
c) Radiation
d) Hormonal therapy
Surgery
Breast Cancer Screening”
ACS
When to begin?
May begin by choice at age ___ to ____; should begin by age 45
40 to 44
Breast Cancer Screening
ACS
How often?
Annually for age 45 to 54; every 2 years after age ____
55
Breast Cancer Screening
ACS
When to end?
“Continue as long as the woman is in good health and expected to live ____ more years or longer”
10
Breast Cancer Screening
ACS
Clinical Breast Exam?
For ages ____ to ____, every 3 years; Annually starting at age 40
20 to 39
Breast Cancer Screening
ACS
Self- Breast Exam?
Optional beginning at age ___; women should be informed of potential benefits and harms
21
Breast Cancer Screening
USPSTF
For ages ___ to ___-, no routine screening individualized decisions before 50
40 to 49
Breast Cancer Screening
USPSTF
How often?
Every ___ years for age 50 to 74
2 years
Breast Cancer Screening
USPSTF
When to end?
For ages ___ and older, no specific recommendations
75
Breast Cancer Screening
USPSTF
Clinical Breast Exam?
____ recommended
Not
Breast Cancer Screening
USPSTF
Self- Breast Exam?
_____ recommended
Not
Breast Cancer Screening
ACOG
When to begin?
For ages ___ to ___, every year
40 to 49
Breast Cancer Screening
ACOG
How often?
Annually for age ____ to ___
50 to 74
Breast Cancer Screening
ACOG
When to end?
____ recommendation
No
Breast Cancer Screening
ACOG
Clinical Breast Exam?
Every year beginning at age ____
19
Breast Cancer Screening
ACOG
Self- Breast Exam?
Can be _______ despite lack of supporting evidence
recommended
Cessation of ovarian function through biological aging, surgical removal, chemotherapy, and/ or radiation which makes the conclusion of reproductive capability in women
Menopause
Overview:
a) The average age of menopause is ____ years, with a range from 45 to 55 year
b) Associated symptoms are a result of estrogen deficiency
a) 51 years
In Menopause the skin is: _____, loss of elasticity, decreased sebaceous gland activity, changes in pigmentation
Dryness
In Menopause the CV: _______, coronary artery disease
Atherosclerosis
In Menopause the Breast: ____ in tone, size
Decrease
In menopause, the Neuroendocrine: _____ instability, mood changes, depression, sleep disturbances
Vasomotor
In Menopause skeletal risk is ______
osteoporosis
In Menopause GU: _____, atrophy of urethra, stress incontinence
Cystitis
In Menopause GYN:
a) Vulva: ______, thinning of tissue, pruritus,
loss/thinning of hair
Atrophy
In Menopause GYN:
b) Vagina: Thin, atrophic _______, vaginitis,
dyspareunia, decreased stimulation
b) epithelium
In Menopause GYN:
c) Uterus: ______, decrease tone, reduction in size
c) Prolapse
Management of Menopause:
1) Hormonal therapy (HIT)
a) Estrogen: Conjugated stronger (______), estradiol
(Estrace, Estraderm, Climara), estrone sulfate
b) Progestin: Cycling or continuous (not necessary if
hysterectomy)
c) Exercise, calcium supplementation (recommended in
the presence and absence of estrogen), and diet if
HT is contraindicated or refused
d) Benefits/ risks must be made based on the three
major possible concerns in family history:
a) Breast cancer
b) Myocardial infarction/ CAD
c) Uterine cancer
a) Premarin
Change of bone structure due to a education in quantity, rather than composition, resulting in an abnormally low bone mass leading to increased risk of fractures
Osteoporosis
Overciew:
1) Both sexes experiecne bone loss with aging ( type 2 osteoporosis)
2) Osteoporosis in menopause results from the loss of stronger ( type 1
t
