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Primary > GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT > Flashcards

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT Flashcards

1
Q

Physical growth occurs in an elderly, predictable sequence; the direction of growth as what?

A

Cephalo to caudal

Proximal to distal

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2
Q

Caloric requirements for birth to 6 months are?

A

120 kcal/kg/day

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3
Q

Caloric requirements for seven months to 1 year?

A

100 kcal/kg/day

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4
Q

Caloric requirements for 2 to 10 years?

A

100 to 70 kcal/kg/day

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5
Q

Caloric requirements for the adolescent?

A

45 kcal/kg/day

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6
Q

____ _____ is the perfect food for humans; cannot be duplicated it helps with

a) decrease illness in infants
b) Maternal antibodies are transferred to infants
c) Decreased gastrointestinal problems such as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
d) decreases allergies as breast milk contains anti-inflammatory agents to decrease atopy; fewer allergies in children who are this
e) This during painful procedures provides analgesia
f) The longer the mother does this the fewer chances of the child to be overweight independent of education and socioeconomic status

A

Breastfeeding

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7
Q

Adequate Nutrition confirmed by weight gain of ___g/day (1 oz/day) for the first three months

A

30g/day

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8
Q

The gain of ____ to 20g/day during the subsequent 3 months

A

15

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9
Q

Vitamin D supplements [____ international units (IU) per day] at 2 months of age to adolescence

A

400

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10
Q

Vitamin B12 for breastfeeding mothers who are strict ________ worry about neurological abnormalities

A

vegetarians

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11
Q

Iron for exclusively breastfed infants approximately ___mg/kg/day of iron is recommended for 6 months of age

A

1 mg/kg/day

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12
Q

_____ feeding should contain iron supplementation

A

Bottle

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13
Q

Ideally, the iron should come from fortified _____

A

cereals

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14
Q

Fluoride supplements only when the local water supply is deficient (less than _____ parts per million/ppm)

A

0.3

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15
Q

Fluoride supplementation is ____ recommended for the first 6 months of life?

A

not

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16
Q

Rapid deceleration growth followed by consistent growth

a) initially ___ loss
b) regained within 7 to 14 days
c) doubles by 5 months of age
d) triples by ___ years of age
e) quadruples by 2 years of age
f) three years old through school-age; gain 2.5 inches annually
g) school-age children gain five to seven pounds annually

A

a) 10%

d) 1 year

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17
Q

Age of eruption for central incisor (primary teeth)

A

6 to 7.5 months

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18
Q

Age of eruption for the lateral incisor (primary teeth)

A

7 to 9 months

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19
Q

Age of eruption for cuspid (primary teeth)

A

16 to 18 months

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20
Q

Age of eruption first molar (primary teeth)

A

12 to 14 months

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21
Q

Age of eruption second molar (primary teeth)

A

20 to 24 months

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22
Q

Age of eruption for central incisor (permanent teeth)

A

6 to 8 years

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23
Q

Age of eruption for the lateral incisor (permanent teeth)

A

7 to 9 years

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24
Q

Age of eruption for cuspid (permanent teeth)

A

9 to 12 years

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25
Q

Age of eruption first bicuspid (permanent teeth)

A

10 to 12 years

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26
Q

Age of eruption second bicuspid (permanent teeth)

A

10 to 12 years

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27
Q

Age of eruption first molar (permanent teeth)

A

6 to 7 years

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28
Q

Age of eruption second molar (permanent teeth)

A

11 to 13 years

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29
Q

Sensorimotor stage of Jean Piaget’s is from birth to __ years
What will you see:
a) Reflexes ______
b) Adapts inborn ______ to the environment
c) Object ________
d) Sensory abilities improve; become increasingly aware of ______
e) Trial and ____ learning
f) Simple ____ solving

A

2 years

a) Inborn
b) reflexes
c) permanence
d) environment
e) error
f) problem

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30
Q

Preoperational/ Preconceptual Stage: ___ to 4 years

a) Can focus on a single _____ of a situation
b) No ________ reasoning
c) Egocentrism
d) Development of _____ thought
e) Difficulty distinguishing fact from _____ (magical thinking)

A

a) aspect
b) cause- and- effect
d) intuitive
e) fantasy

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31
Q

Intuitive/Preoperational thinking: ___ to 7 years

a) Capable of ______ thinking
b) Logical _____

A

4 years

a) Logical
b) operations

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32
Q

______ operational thought: 11 to ___ years

a) ability to ______
b) Capable of complex ___ solving
c) Reality _____
d) ____ conclusions

A 
Formal 
15 years
a) abstract
b) problem 
c) based
d) Logical
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33
Q

Eric Erikson = Primary Theorist
Stages
a) Infancy ( birth to 1 year): ____ vs _____
b) Toddler ( 1 to 3 years): Autonomy vs. ____ and doubt
c) Preschool ( 3 to 6 years): _____ vs guilt
d) School Age ( 6 to 12 years): Industry vs. _______
e) Adolescence (12 to 18 years): Indentity vs. _______

A

a) trust vs mistrust
b) shame
c) Initiative
d) inferiority
e) role confusion

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34
Q

Successful _________ development requires successful resolution of these developmental tasks

A

psychosocial

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35
Q

Sigmund Freud = Psychosexual Theorist
Three components of personalities are developed (or not) by experiences in particular stages of development
a) ___: Principle of pleasure
b) ___: Principle or reality/ self- interest
c) ___: Principle of morality or conscience

A

a) Id
b) Ego
c) Superego

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36
Q

Stages of psychosexual development
Infancy: _______ stage
a) Birth to 6 months: _____ passive (development of the id; biological pleasure principle)
b) Toddler ( 1.5 to ____ years): Anal stage
c) Preschool ( 3 to ___ years): Phallic stage (lover of the opposite sex, Oedipal complex); ego development
d) School-age (6 to ____ years); Latency stage (sexual drive repressed, socialization occurs, superego and morality development)
e) Adolescence (12 to ___ years): Genital stage

A

Oral

a) Orally
b) 3 years
c) 6 years
d) 12 years
e) 18 years

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37
Q

Measurement tools for growth and developmental landmarks
Growth Parameter
a) Growth ____
b) Norms expressed as the percentile of ____, weight, and head circumference for age
c) ____ measurements
d) Any child who crosses over multiple sequential _____ lines needs further evaluation
e) _________ (BMI) should be calculated and plotted for children over 2 years old
f) BMI = weight in ____/ Height in meters
g) Bone age: X-ray of ____ and carpals determines the extent of ossification

A

a) charts
b) height
c) Sequential
d) percentile
e) Body Mass Index
f) kg
g) tarsals

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38
Q

Cognitive Development

a) Measurement of various standardized _____ test (IQ)
b) Need at least ___ separate test results to make an assessment of intellect
c) Can use ____ and language-based assessment based on mental age

A

a) intelligence
b) two
c) toys

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39
Q

Denver 2

a) Generalized _____ tool
b) Used from birth to ___ years of age
c) Measures:
1) Gross motor development
2) ____ motor development
3) Language
4) Personal social development
d) Not an _______ test

A

a) assessment
b) 6 years
c)
2) Fine
d) intelligence

40
Q

Good head control (gross motor) in ____ months

A

2 to 3 months

41
Q

Rolls back to front (gross motor) in _____ months

A

5 to 6 months

42
Q

Sits alone (gross motor) in _____ months

A

7 months

43
Q

Pulls to stand (gross motor) in ____ months

A

9 to 10 months

44
Q

Stands alone (gross motor) in ___ months

A

11 to 12 months

45
Q

Walks (gross motor) in ____ months

A

12 to 14 months

46
Q

Walks up and down stairs (gross motor) in ____ months

A

22 to 24 months

47
Q

Jumps (gross motor) in ___ months

A

24 to 28 months

48
Q

Grasp and shakes rattle (fine motor) in ____ months

A

2 to 3 months

49
Q

Reaches for the object (fine motor) in ____ months

A

3 to 4 months

50
Q

Hand to hand transfer (fine motor) in ____ months

A

5 to 6 months

51
Q

Raking grasp (fine motor) in ___ months

A

6 to 7 months

52
Q

Finger grasp (fine motor) in ____ months

A

7 to 9 months

53
Q

Pincer grasp (fine motor) in ____ months

A

8 to 10 months

54
Q

Marks on paper (fine motor) in ____ months

A

10 to 12 months

55
Q

Stacks 3 blocks (fine motor) in ____ months

A

17 to 18 months

56
Q

Stacks 6 to 7 blocks (fine motor) in ___ months

A

22 to 24 months

57
Q

Smiles and coos in ____ months

A

2 to 3 months

58
Q

Laughs in ____ months

A

4 to 5 months

59
Q

Babbles in ___ months

A

5 to 6 months

60
Q

“Mama-Dada” in ____ months

A

8 to 9 months

61
Q

Waves bye-bye in ___ months

A

8 to 9 months

62
Q

Understands “No” in ___ months

A

9 to 10 months

63
Q

Points to body parts in ____ months

A

15 to 18 months

64
Q

2-word sentence in ____ months

A

18 to 22 months

65
Q

30 to 50 words vocabulary in ____ months

A

22 to 24 months

66
Q

At what age is this ______ months

a) smiles and coos
b) watches a person’s face intently
c) follows people and objects with eyes
d) laughs aloud
e) lifts head/chest when on the stomach
f) hold head steady when pulled to sit
g) grasps rattle placed in the hand
h) startles to loud noise

A

2 to 5 months

67
Q

At what age is this _____ months

a) Babbles and combines vowel/ consonant sounds
b) turns to sounds
c) responds to name
d) rolls over
e) sits independently
f) transfers objects
g) supports weight on feet
h) uses thumb and fingers to pick up objects
i) crawl

A

6 to 9 months

68
Q

At what age is this ____ months

a) takes simple action upon request
b) purposefully say “Mama” or “Dada”
c) sits independently
d) pulls to standing/ cruise furniture
e) communicated by reaching and pointing
f) moves purposefully to get the desired object
g) has increasing curiosity
h) recognizes people
i) uses both hands equally well

A

10 to 12 months

69
Q

At what age is this _____ months

a) Scribbles with a large crayon
b) Walks alone
c) Feeds self with fingers and begins using a spoon
d) 4 to 10-word vocabulary
e) follows simple directions
f) coordinates the use of both hands
g) responds to name
h) points to 2 pictures upon request
i) long jabbering sentences
j) throw the ball overhead

A

13 to 18 months

70
Q

At what age is this ____ months

a) walks up/downstairs
b) jumps with both feet
c) completes simple puzzles, circle shapes first
d) Stacks 6 to 7 blocks
e) Uses 2 words sentences
f) 30 to 50-word vocabulary

A

19 to 24 months

71
Q

____ ______ _____ (WCC)

  1. Specific Tools of Health Screening
    a) Parent/ caregiver interview
    b) Physical examination
    c) developmental monitoring
    d) specific, stage-appropriate screening
    e) assessment of strengths/ weaknesses
    f) individualized and evidence-based interventions
A

Well Child Checks (WCC)

72
Q

_________ data from Well Child Check include:

a) nutrition/ appetite
b) elimination
c) sleep
d) development
e) parental/ caregiver concerns
f) interval history: health since last visit, emergencies, illness, medications

A

Subjective data

73
Q

______ data for well-child check include

a) physical exam
b) screening
1) development screening (Denver Developmental Screening Test, second edition (Denver 2) for children less than or equal to 6 years of age

A

Objective data

74
Q

________ plan is part of the Well Child Check (WCC)

a) immunization: initiation of primary series
b) illness management with medications
c) health promotion strategies with anticipatory guidance

A

Management plan

75
Q

The ________ in Well Child Check

a) ascertain who will be present
b) ensure privacy
c) inform parents ahead of time if you are recording data
d) keep child clothed until necessary to remove clothing
e) phrase your questions purposefully
f) convey interest/listening
g) employ cultural sensitivity
h) ensure accurate perception of patents’ concerns
i) Use a non-judgmental approach
j) keep child clothed until PE
k) talk at eye level
l) play to enhance comfort
m) use projective techniques
n) use non-threatening words
o) allow adequate time for response

A

The interview

76
Q

_____ prevention in well-child check

a) car seat
b) poison control number
c) electrical exposure protection
d) all poisons out of reach
e) gates to barricade unsafe areas
f) smoke/ carbon monoxide detectors
g) pool safety
h) crib safety
i) hot water safety
j) sun safety
k) passive/ secondary smoke
l) abuse/ neglect potential
m) domestic violence
n) sexual abuse
o) firearms

A

Injury prevention

77
Q

________ Discussion/ Guidance of well-child checks

a) how to perform simple tasks
b) when to call a health care provider
c) expected response to immunizations and procedures
d) time management
e) discipline

A

Developmental discussion/ guidance

78
Q

Children are ____ to exposure and toxicity (agents that are heavier to closer to the ground than are such as sarin gas and chlorine)

A

vulnerable

79
Q

_____ Body Mass

a) less fat, less elastic connective tissue, and close proximity of the chest to abdominal organs
b) flying objects, falls, blunt or blast trauma may result in increased injury to multiple organs
a) body surface area to mass ratio is highest at birth and diminishes with age
b) BSA is of the head to the limbs is higher, affecting burn injuries and hypothermia management
c) the higher BSA leads to more rapid absorption and systemic effect of toxins absorbed through thinner, less keratinized, higher permeable skin

A

Small

80
Q

______ circulating blood volume /less fluid reserve

a) even small amounts of volume loss may lead to hemorrhagic shock in the child
b) children are more vulnerable to bacterial agents; staphylococcal enterotoxins and Vibrio cholera lead to diarrhea/vomiting, hypovolemic dehydration, and shock, especially in infants, small children, and children with special health care needs

A

Smaller

81
Q

Skeletal

a) Bones are more ______, incompletely calcified skeletal system with active growth venters more susceptible to fracture
b) Orthopedic injuries often are missed in preverbal children (less than ___ years)
c) Additional organ damage (cardiac, lung) without incurred rib fractures are common and may be present
d) Cervical spine distortions may render x-ray interpretation as confusing; spinal cord injury may be noted without x-ray abnormalities

A

pliable

82
Q

______

a) larger and heavier head compared to body proportion, accounting for a larger BSA than in the adult
b) A major heat loss source
c) short neck and lacking well-developed musculature are common
d) the cranium is thinner and vulnerable to penetrating injury
e) The brain, which doubles in size by 6 months and is 80% of adult size by age 2, continues to do the following, which are a risk for arrest and permanent changes
1) Myelination
2) synapse formation
3) neuronal plasticity
4) biochemical stability

A

Head

83
Q

_____
1) mobile, pliable and offer little protection
a) Risk of compromising cardiovascular flow, significant
blood loss, and hypovolemic shock

A

chest

84
Q

________

1) The tongue is relatively large to the oropharynx, creating the potential for obstruction
2) The airway is narrow and angular, leading to difficulties with intubation need
3) Lungs are small and subject to barotraumas resulting in pneumothorax

A

Airway

85
Q

______ system
1) Compensate with raising heart rate and respiration during the early phase of hypovolemic shock (false impression of normalcy leads toward too little fluid resuscitation)
a) May be followed by a precipitous deterioration with
little warning

A

Circulating

86
Q

_______ stability and regulation

1) affected by BSA to mass ratio, thin skin, lack of subcutaneous tissues with evaporative heat loss, and increased caloric/energy expenditure
2) hypothermia is a significant risk factor for poor outcome s
3) use of thermal blankets, warmed resuscitation rooms and fluids, and warmed inhaled gases may be required

A

Temperature

87
Q

_______
Effects
1) Infants and young children have a higher minute ventilation per kilogram of body weight than adults and thus, can be exposed to a relatively larger dose of aerosolized biological and chemical agents
2) more likely to feel effects and absorb more of the toxins from the lungs prior to clearing with ventilation
3) Resuscitation with fluids, drugs, and equipment are based on weight
4) The use of Broselow/Hinkle pediatric resuscitation measuring tape is recommended for a quick assessment
5) Fluids need to be administered with caution due to large volumes of hypotonic fluid that may place the child ar trick of hyponatremia and seizures

A

Ventilation

88
Q

__________ stores

A limited store of glycogen with higher relative metabolism puts children at risk for hypoglycemia

A

Glycogen (Energy) Stores

89
Q

_________ differences

1) An immature immunologic system creates a greater risk of infection
2) Less her immunity from infections such as smallpox, and a unique susceptibility to some agents such as Venezuelan equine encephalitis

A

Immunologic

90
Q

_______ differences

1) Limited verbal abilities. May not be able to describe symptoms or localized pain
2) Dependent on caretakers; may be more vulnerable to food source limitations when they are unavailable or contaminated
3) Limited motor skills to escape injury
4) Limited cognitive abilities to figure out how to flee from danger, follow directions from others or even recognize a threat
5) Emotionally unstable due to the developing brain, especially in stressful encounters
6) Reactions to danger and threats may be dictated by developmental stage
7) There are additional concerns when the child has special health care needs that require interventions

A

Developmental Differences

91
Q

__________ differences

1) Often gain cues from the caretakers or adults available to them; parental fears and feelings may impact and magnify their emotions
a) Younger children may exhibit regressive behaviors, increased temper tantrums, symptoms of clinginess, and difficulty with separation or sleep, which may increase crying, irritability, separation anxiety, and hyperactive startle responses
b) School-age children may exhibit depression, anger, and despair, which may be exacerbated by unrealistic fears of parents, families, and friends; school problems, physical somatization may occur
c) Adolescence (due to the dramatic and complex physical, psychological, and social transitions) may be vulnerable to the development of major psychiatric disorders such as depression; also, risk-taking behavior (alcohol, tobacco, and other drug usage or suicide) may surface, as adolescents often hide their feelings or symptoms for fear of being perceived as abnormal

A

Developmental

92
Q

____________ differences

1) Often gain clues from the caretakers or adults available to them; parental fears and feelings may impact and magnify their emotions
2) Development stage alters emotions

A

Psychological differences

93
Q

Psychological differences
a) _____ _______ may exhibit regressive behaviors, increased temper tantrums, symptoms of clinginess and difficulty with separation or sleep, which may increase crying, irritability, separation anxiety, and hyperactive startle responses

A

Younger children

94
Q

Psychological differences
b) ____ _______ may exhibit depression, anger, and despair, which may be exacerbated by unrealistic fears of parents, families, friends; school problems, physical somatization (headache and stomach ache) may occur

A

School-age children

95
Q

Psychological differences
c) ________ (due to the dramatic and complex physical, psychological; and social transitions) may be vulnerable to the development of major psychiatric disorders such as depression; also, risk-taking behavior (may surface, as adolescents often hid their feelings or symptoms for fear of being perceived as abnormal

A

Adolescence

Primary (44 decks)

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