Greek Grammar Flashcards
Why Learn Greek?
- To learn to read scripture as it was originally written. The original audience and writers were in Greek. This helps us think in the way the original audience and authors did.
- To see the depth and detail of the original text
How does the language change this exactly? You will see key words that you can’t appreciate in English. You’d miss this word for grace as translated favored or another word. You’ll see an appreciate puns. Philemon. - To teach and preach with confidence and precision
Many pastors don’t know Greek anymore. They depend on commentators. But you don’t know if what they are saying is true. - Knowing Greek will prevent you from getting bad tatoos. (silly reason for fun)
Dipthongs
Proper and Improper, Proper has two vowels, Improper is a single vowel with subscripts.
Syllabification
Each word has as many syllables as they have vowels or diphthongs.
Reading Marks
Rough marks add an h breathing sounds. Smooth marks add no sound.
Every word that starts with a vowel has a rough or smooth breathing mark over the first letter. With diphthongs, they appear over the second letter.
A smooth mark over an empty space at the end of a word happens because a vowel isn’t written if it starts the next word. This is called an elision and is not a breathing mark.
Accents
Greek has three accent marks, Acute (left to right like an acute angle), Grave (grauve, opposite, left to right down instead of up), and Circumflex (appears as a half circle or an arm flexing, and as a tilde).
Punctuation
Punctuation marks, commas and periods. A Greek comma is a minor pause, period is a full stop. There is also a middle dot (semicolon), major stop. The English semicolon is the Greek question mark. “;”
Definite Article Feminine
Fem. (sg.) Fem. (pl.) Translation
- ἡ ἀδελφη αἱ ἀδελφαι (as the subject )
- της ἀδελφης των ἀδελφων (“of” or possessive)
- τῃ ἀδελφῃ ταις ἀδελφαις (“to/in/with/by”)
- την ἀδελφην τας ἀδελφας (as the object )
Definite Article Masculine
Masc. (sg.) Masc. (pl.) Translation
- ὁ ἀδελφος οἱ ἀδελφοι (as the subject )
- του ἀδελφου των ἀδελφων (“of” or possessive)
- τῳ ἀδελφῳ τοις ἀδελφοις (“to/in/with/by”)
- τον ἀδελφον τους ἀδελφους (as the object)
Definite Article Neuter
Neut. (sg.) Neut. (pl.) Translation
το βιβλιον τα βιβλια (as the subject )
του βιβλιου των βιβλιων (“of ” or possessive)
τῳ βιβλιῳ τοις βιβλιοις (“to/in/with/by”)
το βιβλιον τα βιβλια (as the object )
Feminine Pure α
Singular Plural Type
ὥρα ὥραι Nominative
ὥρας ὥρῶν Genιtive
ὥρᾳ ὥραις Dative
ὥραν ὥρας Accusative
ὥρα ὥραι Vocative
Feminine Pure η
Singular Plural Type
φωνή φωναί Nominative
φωνῆς φωνῶν Genιtive
φωνῇ φωναῖς Dative
φωνήν φωνάς Accusative
φωνή φωναί Vocative
Feminine Mixed
Singular Plural Type
δόξα δόξαι Nominative
δόξης δόξῶν Genιtive
δόξῃ δόξαις Dative
δόξαν δὀξας Accusative
δόξα δόξαι Vocative
The vs A
In Greek, while not universal, the lack of an article is the equivalent of the English “a” and the presence of an article is the equivalent of the English “the”.
The is also used with proper names and abstract concepts like life in Greek.
Nominative
“To name or point out” Grammatically it refers to the subject of a finite verb or a predicative nominative (object of a passive verb).
Genitive
“To describe or define, as an adjective does” Often translated with “of” and often used to show possession, as in “the voice of a sister” or “the sister’s voice”.
Dative
Usually expresses personal interest or relationship, such as an indirect object. It completes the idea of to or who an action of a verb is performed. (“to/in/with/by”)
Accusative
Usually limits or qualifies the action of a verb, typically a direct object of a transitive verb.
Vocative
Direct address. Usually the same form of the nominative with some exceptions.
Verb and Noun Accent
Verb accent is recessive, meaning that that accent of a verb recedes as far as the general rules permit. Noun accent is persistent or retentive. As the noun goes through its various inflections, the accent persists all the same.
1) First declension nouns always have a circumflex on the ultima in the genitive plural.
2) When the ultima of a first declension noun is accented, it receives the circumflex in the genitive and dative of both numbers; elsewhere it receives the acute (or grave as required). γῆ is an exception which has the circumflex throughout.
3) If the nominative singular is short alpha it remains so. If the nominative singular is long alpha it remains so. Elsewhere, (except for -αι in the nominative plural), the ending is long.
Mixed vs pure α
A feminine noun is pure alpha if the letter before the ending is ε, ι, or ρ (basically, a vowel or rho.)
Second Declension Masculine
Masc. (sg.) Masc. (pl.)
ὁ ἀδελφος οἱ ἀδελφοι (N)
του ἀδελφου των ἀδελφων (G)
τῳ ἀδελφῳ τοις ἀδελφοις (D)
τον ἀδελφον τους ἀδελφους (A)
ἀδελφε ἀδελφοι (V)
Second Declension Neuter
Neut. (sg.) Neut. (pl.)
το βιβλιον τα βιβλια (N)
του βιβλιου των βιβλιων (N)
τῳ βιβλιῳ τοις βιβλιοις (D)
το βιβλιον τα βιβλια (A)
First and Second Declension Adjectives - Masculine
καλος καλοι (Ν)
καλου καλῶν (G)
καλῳ καλοῖς (D)
καλον καλους (A)
καλε καλοι (V)
First and Second Declension Adjectives - Feminine
καλη καλαι (N)
καλης καλων (G)
καλῃ καλαις (D)
καλην καλας (A)
First and Second Declension Adjectives - Neuter
καλον καλα (N)
καλου καλων (G)
καλῳ καλοις (D)
καλον καλα (A)
Adjective Syntax
There are three types of adjectives, Attributive, Predicate, and Substantive.
Attributive identify or describe and follow three patterns
article, adjective noun
article, noun, article, adjective
adjective, noun
Predicate are used with a linking verb to assert something about the noun.
three patterns
adjective, article, noun
article, noun, adjective
adjective, noun
Last pattern is context only, the first two for both are article before adjective = attributive.
Substantive adjectives function on their own as nouns and do not link to another noun.
Special Verbs
Special verbs can take nouns in the genitive or dative case (or other cases rarely) as direct objects.
Two common examples include:
ἀκουω (Gen or Dat)
πιστευω (Dat or Acc)
Eta vs Long alpha rule for adjectives
Based on the letter before the ος ending, ι, ε, ρ lead to alpha for the feminine, eta otherwise.
Present Indicative of εἰμί
Singular Plural
εἰμί (I am) ἐσμέν we are
εἶ (you) ἐστέ you all are
ἐστί(ν) (he, she, it is) εἰσί(ν) they are
εἰμί takes the predicate nominative to complete its meaning. It is required as a linking verb in a noun to noun relationship, but not in a noun to adjective relationship.
Accentuation of ἐστί(ν)
It is accented on the penult when it stands first in its clause or sentence, or when it follows certain words such as οὐκ, καί, and ἀλλά.
First Person pronoun
Singular
ἐγώ I
ἐμοῦ or μου of me
ἐμοί or μοι to/for me
ἐμέ or με me
Plural
ἡμεῖς we
ἡμῶν of us
ἡμῖν to/for us
ἡμᾶς us
Emphatic forms are always accented.
Second Person Pronoun
Singular
σύ, you
σοῦ or σου of you
σοί or σοι to/for you
σέ or σε you
Plural
ὑμεῖς you
ὑμῶν of you
ὑμῖν to/for you
ὑμᾶς you
Third Person Pronouns
αὐτός takes on the forms of the masculine/neuter second declension and the feminine first declesion (eta form).
Pronouns and Antecedents
Pronouns take the place of nouns and agree with their antecedent in number and gender, though not necessarily in case.
Note that gender neutral objects in English can have genders in Greek (like stone, which is masculine).
Possession
The genitive of the personal pronoun is the most common way to express possession.
Forms of the Demonstrative - This
Singular
Μ. F. N.
Ν. οὑτος αὑτη τουτο
G. τουτου ταυτης τουτου
D. τουτῳ ταυτῃ τουτῳ
A. τουτον ταυτην τουτο
Plural
Μ. F. N.
Ν. οὑτοι αὑται ταυτα
G. τουτων τουτων τουτων
D. τουτοις ταυταις τουτοις
A. τουτους ταυτας ταυτα
Forms of the Demonstrative - That
Singular
Μ. F. N.
Ν. ἐκεινος ἐκεινη ἐκεινο
G. ἐκεινου ἐκεινης ἐκεινου
D. ἐκεινῳ ἐκεινῃ ἐκεινῳ
A. ἐκεινον ἐκεινην ἐκεινο
Plural
Μ. F. N.
Ν. ἐκεινοι ἐκειναι ἐκεινα
G. ἐκεινων ἐκεινων ἐκεινων
D. ἐκεινοις ἐκειναις ἐκεινοις
A. ἐκεινους ἐκεινας ἐκεινα
ἀλλος adjective form note
The endings for this adjective do not have ν in the nominative and accusative singular forms.
Demonstrative Syntax
- If it stands alone, it is a pronoun.
– It agrees with the antecedent in gender and number in this case. - When it is used with a noun it stands in the predicate position usually and will agree in case, number, and gender.
– English translation typically omits the definite article.
Special uses of αὐτος
Attributive: Identical use (same)
Predicate: Intensive use (X-self)
No noun: Pronoun*
Article Shortcut: If the article is in front of a pronoun that matches a noun it is the identical version. If not it is the predicate version. If no article is present, good luck.
*If the article is present with the pronoun without the noun, it uses the identical sense.
Active, Middle, and Passive Voice
Active verbs indicate a noun acting on something. Passive verbs indicate a noun being acted on. Middle verbs indicate a noun acting on itself.
The Present Middle Indicative
Singular
1. λυομαι - I loosen (for myself)
2. λυῃ - you loosen
3. λυεται - he, she, or it loosens
Plural
1. λυομεθα - we loosen
2. λυεσθε - you loosen
3. λυονται - they loosen
Present Passive Indicative
Singular
1. λυομαι - I am being loosened
2. λυῃ - you are being loosened
3. λυεται - he, she, or it is being loosened
Plural
1. λυομεθα - we are being loosened
2. λυεσθε - you all are being loosened
3. λυονται - they are being loosened
The Present Middle/Passive Infinitive
Form: λυεσθαι
It is used like the present active infinitive.
Personal Agent with ὑπο
If the passive voice is being used, the performer of the action is not identified. (Unless added by genitive modifier.)
Impersonal Dative of Means
Instrument or means of an action is expressed by a dative case usually without prepositions.
Deponent Verbs
Some verbs have no active forms, only passive and middle forms. These verbs appear in the vocab lists as ending in -ομαι.
δύναμαι special forms
present tense form uses a connecting alpha.
It’s dative singular is δύνασαι.
ἀποκρίναμαι Dative
This verb takes the dative for its object.
ἄρχω Genitive
In it’s “I Rule” sense, this verb takes the genitive for its object.
Tenses
Primary - Present, Past, Future
Secondary - aorist, imperfect, and pluperfect
The primaries refer to present and future time. The secondaries all refer to past time.
What is important is the “kind” of action in play.
(A future perfect also exists, but is rare.)
The Imperfect Tense
This tense denotes continuous, repeated, or attempted actions in the past in the indicative mood only.
Imperfect Active Indicative Forms
Singular
1. ἔλυον - I was loosening
2. ἔλυες - You were loosening
3. ἔλυε(ν) - It was loosening
Plural
1. ἔλυομεν - We were loosening
2. ἔλυετε - You were loosening
3. ἔλυον - It was loosening
The Augment
The imperfect forms also involve an augment which is added onto the beginning of the verb, in this case ἔ.
For all verbs that begin with a consonant, it is just an added epsilon. If it begins with a vowel or diphthong, then the vowel changes instead; alpha becomes eta, epsilon becomes eta, and omicron becomes omega.
i.e. ἄγω becomes ἠγον
Additional note: It replaces the entire diphthong.
Compound Augments
When augmenting a verb with a compound at the beginning, the augment appears after the compound. If the compound ends in a vowel, that vowel will usually be replaced.
θελω Compound
ἤθελον (ἔθελον happens in none Biblical Greek.)
μελλω
ἔμελλον or ἤμελλον, I was about to
εἰμί Imperfect Indicative Form
Singular
1. ἤμην - I was
2. ἤς - you were
3. ἤν - he, she, or it was
Plural
1. ἤμεν - we were
2. ἤτε - you were
3. ἤσαν - they were
Less common forms:
S.2. ἤσθα
P.1. ἤμεθα
The Imperfect Middle/Passive Indicative Forms
Singular
1. ἐλυομην - I was being loosened
2. ἐλυου - You were being loosened
3. ἐλυετο - he, she, it was being loosened
Plural
1. ἐλυομεθα - We were being loosened
2. ἐλυεσθε - You were being loosened
3. ἐλυοντο - They were being loosened
Imperfect Deponents
If a verb has no active voice
in the present then it continues to have no active voice in the imperfect tense.
Adverbial και
When και is used as a single element as an adverb, it will be translated “also” or “even”.
Observation: In such instances, other words or punctuation may be present to indicate that και has another use.
Correlative Constructions
και…και
τε…τε
τε…και
οὔτε…οὔτε
both…and
as…so
and
neither…nor
Future Active Indicative Forms
Singular
1: λυσω - I will loosen
2: λυσεις - you will loosen
3: λυσει - etc.
Plural
1: λυσομεν
2: λυσετε
3: λυσουσι(ν)
Future participle Part Formation
Standard verbs add σ
Voiceless, Voiced, Aspirate
1. Labial Stops: π, β, φ
2. Palatal Stops: κ, γ, χ
3. Dental Stops: τ, δ, θ
1 becomes ψ
2 becomes ξ
3 becomes σ
Irregular Verb Forms
These are forms that function normally in the present, but are deponent in the future. They have major stem changes.
Example: γινομαι -> γενησομαι
Future Indicative of εἰμι
Singular:
ἔσομαι - I will be
ἔσῃ - You will be
ἔσται - etc.
Plural:
ἐσομεθα
ἔσεσθε
ἔσονται
The second principal part and the third principal part
The future active indicative for second.
The aorist (A1) active indicative for third.
Aorist Tense
This is a secondary past tense that refers to the simple past, meaning that it can be either completed or continuous.
It will also have an augment.
First Aorist (A) Active Indicative
Singular
1: ἔλυσα - I loosened
2: ἔλυσας - you loosened
3: ἔλυσε(ν) - etc.
Plural
1: ἐλυσαμεν
2: ἐλυσατε
3: ἔλυσαν
First Aorist (A) Middle Indicative
Singular
1: ἐλυσαμην - I loosened (for myself)
2: ἐλυσω - you loosened
3: ἐλυσατο - etc.
Plural
1: ἐλυσαμεθα
2: ἐλυσασθε
3: ἐλυσαντο
First Aorist Infinitive
AAI: λυσαι
AMI: λυσασθαι
Note: There is no augment. Augments only appear in the Indicative.
Formation of the First Aorist
If the verb ends in “certain vowels or diphthongs” like -ω, -υω, -ευω, are formed by adding the suffix -σα.
Otherwise if they end in consonants they transform like the future active indicative form, but with the added note that ζ also drops and becomes a σ like dental stops.
Second Aorist (2A) Active Indicative Forms
Singular
1. ἔλαβον - I took
2. ἔλαβες - you take
3. ἔλαβε(ν) - etc.
Plural
1. ἐλάβομεν
2. ἐλάβετε
3. ἔλαβον
Second Aorist (2A) Middle Indicative Forms
Singular
1. ἐλαβόμην
2. ἐλάβου
3. ἐλάβετο
Plural
1. ἐλαβόμεθα
2. ἐλάβεσθε
3. ἐλάβοντο
Second Aorist Infinitives
2AAInf: λαβειν
2AMInf: λαβέσθαι
Note, it drops the augment like all other infinitives, but here that also results in the initial vowel reverting to its original form while being added to the 2A stem.
Second and First Aorist in Koine
Unfortunately, the distinction is not strictly maintained. Sometimes the first aorist forms show up with second aorist forms and vice versa. However, as long as both are memorized, they should not be a problem when they appear.
Second Aorist vs Imperfect
These forms look similar, but the Imperfect does not have a stem change, only the second Aorist does.
Fourth and Fifth Principal Parts
4th: Perfect Active Indicative first person singular
5th: Perfect middle/passive indicative first person singular
Perfect Tense Meaning
This signifies an action completed in the past with an effect that continues to the present. Sometimes this allows for a present version of “to be” to be used in translation.
Perfect Active Indicative Forms
Singular:
1. λέλυκα, I have loosened
2. λέλυκας, you have loosened
3. λέλυκε(ν), etc.
Plural:
1. λελύκαμεν
2. λελύκατε
3. λελύκασι(ν) or -καν
Note: These forms are very similar to the secondary endings of the aorist tense. Reduplication vs stem change.
Perfect Middle/Passive Indicative Forms
Singular:
1. λέλυμαι - I have been loosened
2. λέλυσαι - you have been loosened
3. λέλυται - etc.
Plural:
1. λελύμεθα
2. λέλυσθε
3. λέλυνται
Perfect Active Infinitive and Perfect Middle/Passive Infinitive
Perfect Active Infinitive: λελυκέναι
Perfect Middle/Passive Infinitive: λελύσθαι
Perfect Tense Reduplication
With regular verbs, reduplication consists of the first consonant of the verb stem followed by an ε.
Ex. λύω -> λέλυκα
Variations:
- Verbs beginning with a vowel or Diphthong are reduplicated by lengthening the vowel or diphthong. (Similar to augmentation.)
ἀγαπάω -> ἠγάπηκα
- Verbs beginning with aspirated consonants (φ, θ, χ) are reduplicated with corresponding unaspirated consonants (π, τ, κ).
φιλέω -> πεφίληκα
- Verbs beginning with a double consonant (ψ, ζ, ξ) or with two consonants (unless the second consonant is λ or ρ) are reduplicated with ε. Identical to the augment.
ζητέω -> ἐζήτηκα
- Irregular verbs, they cannot be predicted.
Pluperfect meaning
The Pluperfect is further back in time which ends its effect somewhere in the past.
Pluperfect Forms
Singular:
1. ελελύκειν - I had loosened
2. ελελύκεις - you had loosened
3. ελελύκει - etc.
Plural:
1. ἐλελύκειμεν
2. ἐλελύκειτε
3. ἐλελύκεισαν
The Sixth Principal Part
Aorist Passive Indiciative with first person singular ending. Example: ἐλύθην.
Deponent verbs can have either a middle or passive deponent form in the Aorist and future tenses. Sometimes both happen, and the meaning is hard to distinguish in that case.
Aorist Passive Indicative Forms
Singular:
1. ἐλύθην - I was loosened
2. ἐλύθης - you were loosened
3. ἐλύθη - etc.
Plural:
1. ἐλύθημεν
2. ἐλύθητε
3. ἐλύθησαν
Second Aorist Passive Forms
Singular:
1. ἐγραφην - I was written
2. ἐγραφης - You were written
3. ἐγραφη - etc.
Plural:
1. ἐγραφημεν
2. ἐγραφητε
3. ἐγραφησαν
Future Passive Indicative Forms
Singular
1. λυθήσομαι - I will be loosened
2. λυθήσῃ - You will be loosened
3. λυθήσεται - etc.
Plural
1. λυθησόμεθα
2. λυθήσεσθε
3. λυθήσονται
Note: Similar to the Future Middle, but it uses the sixth principle part rather than the second.
Aorist Passive Infinitive
λυθῆναι
Formation of the Aorist Passive
Standard formation is to use θη with a final consonant just before. But that final consonant can change:
π/β = φ
κ/γ = χ
τ/δ/θ = σ
There are also irregulars that just have to be memorized.
The Third Declension
The third declension has nouns of all three genders. It also has multiple sub-groups.
Basic Third Declension Endings
Singular:
Nom. -ς or none
Gen. -ος
Dat. -ι
Acc. -α
Voc. -ς or none
Plural:
Nom. -ες
Gen. -ων
Dat. -σι
Acc. -ας
Voc. -ες
Third Declension Noun Stem
The noun stem is found by removing -ος from the genitive singular form, usually.
Basic Third Declension Endings Example (ἂρχων)
Singular:
Nom. ἂρχων
Gen. ἂρχοντος
Dat. ἂρχοντι
Acc. ἂρχοντα
Voc. ἂρχων
Plural:
Nom. ἂρχοντες
Gen. ἀρχόντων
Dat. ἂρχουσι(ν)
Acc. ἂρχοντας
Voc. ἂρχοντες
Third Declension Special Characteristics
- Gender of a Third declension noun cannot necessarily be known from the lexical form.
- The stem cannot be known from the nominative singular. They must be memorized. (using the genitive minus ος)
- The form of the dative plural varies because the sigma of the ending often interacts with the final letter(s) of the noun stem.
Monosyllabic Nouns of the Third Declension
Singular:
Nom. σάρξ
Gen. σαρκός
Dat. σαρκί
Acc. σάρκα
Voc. σάρξ
Plural:
Nom. σάρκες
Gen. σαρκῶν
Dat. σαρξί(ν)
Acc. σάρκας
Voc. σάρκες
Neuter Nouns in -μα
Singular:
Nom. Voc. σῶμα
Gen. σώματος
Dat. σώματι
Acc. σῶμα
Plural:
Nom. Voc. σώματα
Gen. σωμάτων
Dat. σώμασι(ν)
Acc. σώματα
Forms of the Present Active Participle
Singular: “loosening”
Ma.
M-V. λύων
Gen. λύοντος
Dat. λύοντι
Acc. λύοντα
F.
M-V. λύουσα
Gen. λυούσης
Dat. λυούσῃ
Acc. λύουσαν
N.
M-V. λῦον
Gen. λύοντος
Dat. λύοντι
Acc. λῦον
Plural:
Ma.
M-V. λύοντες
Gen. λυόντων
Dat. λύουσι(ν)
Acc. λύοντας
F.
M-V. λύουσαι
Gen. λυουσῶν
Dat. λυούσαις
Acc. λυούσας
N.
M-V. λύοντα
Gen. λυόντων
Dat. λύουσι(ν)
Acc. λύοντα
Forms of the Present Middle/Passive Participle
Singular: “being loosened”
Ma.
M-V. λυόμενος
Gen. λυομένου
Dat. λυομένῳ
Acc. λυόμενον
F.
M-V. λυομένη
Gen. λυομένης
Dat. λυομένῃ
Acc. λυομένην
N.
M-V. λυόμενον
Gen. λυομένου
Dat. λυομένῳ
Acc. λυόμενον
Plural:
Ma.
M-V. λυόμενοι
Gen. λυομένων
Dat. λυομένοις
Acc. λυομένους
F.
M-V. λυόμεναι
Gen. λυομένων
Dat. λυομέναις
Acc. λυομένας
N.
M-V. λυόμενα
Gen. λυομένων
Dat. λυομένοις
Acc. λυόμενα
Participles
Participles are verbal adjectives. It expresses an action or state of being while also having a tense and voice. It is related to a noun or pronoun for which it agrees in case, number, and gender.
It also has an adverbial function. It splits between adverbial and adjectival functions, if it has an article, it is adjectival.
Participle Syntax
Adjectival:
Attributive, “The Believing Man” which has the same setup as the one with adjectives:
article participle noun or article noun article participle.
Substantive: “The man who believes in the Lord” here the participle functions as a noun in some way.
article participle
Adverbial:
Predicate use, agrees in case, number, and gender, but it also modifies a verb.
article noun participle
participle article noun
Usually adverbials appear with no article. This does not always mean the lack of an article indicates an adverbial, like adjectives.
Tense and Time in Participle
The tense of a participle relates to the “kind” of action involved. Present denotes linear or ongoing action. Usually, these actions are simultaneous with the main verb, but this is based on context. The participle is fundamentally non-temporal.
Present Participle of εἰμί
Singular: “being”
Ma.
M-V. ὤν
Gen. ὄντος
Dat. ὄντι
Acc. ὄντα
F.
M-V. οὖσα
Gen. οὔσης
Dat. οὔσῃ
Acc. οὔσαν
N.
M-V. ὄν
Gen. ὄντος
Dat. ὄντι
Acc. ὄν
Plural:
Ma.
M-V. ὄντες
Gen. ὄντων
Dat. οὖσι(ν)
Acc. ὄντας
F.
M-V. οὐσῶν
Gen. οὔσων
Dat. οὔσαις
Acc. οὔσας
N.
M-V. ὄντα
Gen. ὄντων
Dat. οὔσι(ν)
Acc. ὄντα
Aorist Active Participle: Masculine
Singular: “Having Loosened”
N-V. λύσας
G. λύσαντος
D. λύσαντι
A. λύσαντα
Plural:
N-V. λύσαντες
G. λυσάντων
D. λύσασι(ν)
A. λύσαντας
Aorist Active Participle: Feminine
Singular: “Having Loosened”
N-V. λύσασα
G. λυσάσης
D. λυσάσῃ
A. λύσασαν
Plural:
N-V. λύσασαι
G. λυσασῶν
D. λυσάσαις
A. λυσάσας
Aorist Active Participle: Neuter
Singular: “Having Loosened”
N-V. λῦσαν
G. λύσαντος
D. λύσαντι
A. λῦσαν
Plural:
N-V. λύσαντα
G. λυσάντων
D. λύσασι(ν)
A. λύσαντα
Aorist Middle Participle: Masculine
Singular: “Having Loosened”
N-V. λυσάμενος
G. λυσαμένου
D. λυσαμένῳ
A. λυσάμενον
Plural:
N-V. λυσάμενοι
G. λυσαμένων
D. λυσαμένοις
A. λυσαμένους
Aorist Middle Participle: Feminine
Singular: “Having Loosened”
N-V. λυσαμένη
G. λυσαμένης
D. λυσαμένῃ
A. λυσαμένην
Plural:
N-V. λυσάμεναι
G. λυσαμένων
D. λυσαμέναις
A. λυσαμένας
Aorist Middle Participle: Neuter
Singular: “Having Loosened”
N-V. λυσάμενον
G. λυσαμένου
D. λυσαμένῳ
A. λυσάμενον
Plural:
N-V. λυσάμενα
G. λυσαμένων
D. λυσαμένοις
A. λυσάμενα
Second Aorist Active/Middle Participles
These are identical to the present active and middle participles except that in the active the accent is not recessive. The second aorist middle also does not use σα.
ἄγω Second Aorist First and Third Principle Parts
ἤγαγον, I led
ἀγαγών, having led
ὁράω Second Aorist First and Third Principle Parts
εἶδον, I saw
ἰδών, having seen
ἔρχομαι Second Aorist First and Third Principle Parts
ἦλθον, I came
ἐλθών, having come
λανβάνω Second Aorist First and Third Principle Parts
ἔλαβον, I took
λαβών, having taken
λέγω Second Aorist First and Third Principle Parts
εἶπον, I said
εἰπών, having said
Syntax of the Aorist Participle
The Syntax of aorist tense participles is the same as that of present tense participles.
It does not have an augment.
It denotes simple or undefined action which is often prior to the main verb but also sometimes simultaneous with the main verb.
Translation of Aorist Participles
Attributive and Substantive: Translate with a relative clause “The one who or the thing which did or had done”
Adverbials: Provision English Participle “having done such and such” or temporal clause “When or after he or she had done such and such.”
Genitive Absolute
If a participle modifies the subject of the sentence, it will be in the nominative case; if it modifies the direct object of the main verb, it will be in the accusative and so on. Sometimes it will be grammatically independent, like “The weather being nice, we went to the part.” The Greek would be using the genitive case.
Aorist Passive Participles - Masculine
“having been loosened”
Singular:
N-V. λυθείς
G. λυθέντος
D. λυθέντι
A. λυθέντα
Plural:
N-V. λυθέντες
G. λυθέντων
D. λυθεῖσι(ν)
A. λυθέντας
Aorist Passive Participles - Feminine
“having been loosened”
Singular:
N-V. λυθεῖσα
G. λυθείσης
D. λυθείσῃ
A. λυθεῖσαν
Plural:
N-V. λυθεῖσαι
G. λυθεισῶν
D. λυθείσαις
A. λυθείσας
Aorist Passive Participles - Neuter
“having been loosened”
Singular:
N-V. λυθέν
G. λυθέντος
D. λυθέντι
A. λυθέν
Plural:
N-V. λυθέντα
G. λυθέντων
D. λυθεῖσι(ν)
A. λυθέντα
Aorist Passive Syntax
Built on the sixth principle part, largely works the same as other participles.
Denotes simple prior or simultaneous action with the main verb.
Perfect Active Participles - Masculine
“Who has been X”
Completed action with continuing result.
Singular:
N-V. λελυκώς
G. λελυκότος
D. λελυκότι
A. λελυκότα
Plural:
N-V. λελυκότες
G. λελυκότων
D. λελυκόσι(ν)
A. λελυκότας
Perfect Active Participles - Feminine
“Who has been X”
Completed action with continuing result.
Singular:
N-V. λελυκυῖα
G. λελυκυίας
D. λελυκυίᾳ
A. λελυκυῖαν
Plural:
N-V. λελυκυῖαι
G. λελυκυιῶν
D. λελυκυίαις
A. λελυκυίας
Perfect Active Participles - Neuter
“Who has been X”
Completed action with continuing result.
Singular:
N-V. λελυκός
G. λελυκότος
D. λελυκότι
A. λελυκός
Plural:
N-V. λελυκότα
G. λελυκότων
D. λελυκόσι(ν)
A. λελυκότα
Perfect Participle Syntax
Denotes completed action with continuing results, otherwise the same as other participles.
Perfect Middle/Passive Participles - Masculine
“Who has been X”
Completed action with continuing result.
Singular:
N-V. λελυμένος
G. λελυμένου
D. λελυμένῳ
A. λελυμένον
Plural:
N-V. λελυμένοι
G. λελυμένων
D. λελυμένοις
A. λελυμένους
Perfect Middle/Passive Participles - Feminine
“Who has been X”
Completed action with continuing result.
Singular:
N-V. λελυμένη
G. λελυμένης
D. λελυμένῃ
A. λελυμένην
Plural:
N-V. λελυμέναι
G. λελυμένων
D. λελυμέναις
A. λελυμένας
Perfect Middle/Passive Participles - Neuter
“Who has been X”
Completed action with continuing result.
Singular:
N-V. λελυμένον
G. λελυμένου
D. λελυμένῳ
A. λελυμένον
Plural:
N-V. λελυμένα
G. λελυμένων
D. λελυμένοις
A. λελυμένα
Periphastic Participles
These are a form of εἰμί combined with a participle, producing a compound verbal expression. It works similarly to English. It is often used in place of normal imperfect or perfect tense use.
Adverbial Participle Nuance
Adverbial Participles can have a temporal translation or provisional translation (having said those things…) The exact expression of this is based on context. There are several types possible.
Time
Manner
Means
Cause
Condition
Concession
Among others, but those are common.
Contraction and principal parts
Contraction happens on the first principal part.
The rest conform to vowel lengthening rules (α + ε –> η, ο –> ω)
The partial exception is καλέω which does not lengthen its contract vowel in any parts.
Reflexive Pronouns
Reflexive Pronouns refer back to the subject of the sentence of clause in which they occur. They are never the subject and have no nominative.
First Person Reflexive - Masculine
“Of Myself”
Singular:
G. ἐμαυτοῦ
D. ἐμαυτῷ
A. ἐμαυτόν
Plural:
G. ἑαυτῶν
D. ἑαυτοῖς
A. ἑαυτούς
First Person Reflexive - Feminine
“Of Myself”
Singular:
G. ἐμαυτῆς
D. ἐμαυτῇ
A. ἐμαυτήν
Plural:
G. ἑαυτῶν
D. ἑαυταῖς
A. ἑαυτάς
Second Person Reflexive - Masculine
“Of Yourself”
Singular:
G. σεαυτοῦ
D. σεαυτῷ
A. σεαυτόν
Plural:
G. ἑαυτῶν
D. ἑαυτοῖς
A. ἑαυτούς
Second Person Reflexive - Feminine
“Of Yourself”
Singular:
G. σεαυτῆς
D. σεαυτῇ
A. σεαυτήν
Plural:
G. ἑαυτῶν
D. ἑαυταῖς
A. ἑαυτάς
Third Person Reflexive
“of himself, herself, itself”
Singular:
M
G. ἑαυτοῦ
D. ἑαυτῷ
A. ἑαυτόν
F.
G. ἑαυτῆς
D. ἑαυτῇ
A. ἑαυτήν
N.
G. ἑαυτοῦ
D. ἑαυτῷ
A. ἑαυτό
Plural:
M.
G. ἑαυτῶν
D. ἑαυτοῖς
A. ἑαυτούς
F.
G. ἑαυτῶν
D. ἑαυταῖς
A. ἑαυτάς
N.
G. ἑαυτῶν
D. ἑαυτοῖς
A. ἑαυτά
Uses of πᾶς
- Predicate Position, functions like the english word, “I have seen all the boats.”
- Attributive Position with the article, collective, “The whole law teaches love”
- Without the article, “every” or “each” with a singular noun; “all” with plural.
- Often happens with personal pronouns, demonstratives, and participles.
- Often used as a substantive with or without the article, “The teacher told them all things in parables.”
Liquid Verbs
Liquid verbs have steams that end in λ, μ, ν, and ρ. These consonants are called liquids (μ and ν are also called nasals) because their sounds are frictionless and can be prolonged like a vowel. They do not accept direct attachment of the σ in future or σα of the first aorist.
Future Active Liquid using μένω
Future Active of μένω
Singular
1. μενῶ, I will remain
2. μενεῖς, you (sing.) will remain
3. μενεῖ
Plural
1. μενοῦμεν
2. μενεῖτε
3. μενοῦσι(ν)
Future Middle Liquid using μένω
Singular
1. μενοῦμαι
2. μενῇ
3. μενεῖται
Plural
1. μενούμεθα
2. μενεῖσθε
3. μενοῦνται
Formation of the Future Liquid
The future liquid verb is formed by adding an epsilon suffix to the verb stem prior to the person/number endings. This epsilon contracts, however, with the variable vowel of the endings with the result that the future active and middle of a liquid verb resemble the present active and middle/passive of a contract verb in -εω.
Formation of the First Aorist Liquid Verb
First aorist active and middle are made by adding -α to the verb steam rather than -σα. The vowel usually lengthens because the sigma is not present.
First Aorist Liquid using μένω
Singular
1. ἔμεινα, I remained
2. ἔμεινας, you (sing.) remained
3. ἔμεινε(ν)
Plural
1. ἐμείναμεν
2. ἐμείνατε
3. ἔμείναν
Liquid Second Aorist
Some liquid verbs have second aorists (βάλλω, ἔβαλον) or irregular aorists (φέρω, ἤνεγκα), in which case the peculiarities of liquid aorists obviously would not apply.
Reciprocal Pronouns
ἀλληλων, ἀλλήλαις, ἀλλήλους
(Of one another, only the masculine is in the NT, the other two sometimes appear in the LXX.)
They are used when there is a mutual interaction between members of a plural subject. There is no nominative.
Possessive Adjectives
These are adjectives that are declined in the 2-1-2 format. They express possess in the attributive possession, but are rare compared to normal genitive possession using personal pronouns.
They are the words ἐμός, σός, ἡμέτερος, and, ὑπέτερος.
They agree with the nouns they modify in case, number, and gender.
The Subjunctive Mood
The subjective mood is often called the “mood of probability”. It can convey doubt, expectation, volition, intention, and desire and more. It asserts potential or contingent things rather than reality.
It has the characteristic of futurity.
The subjunctive occurs in the present, aorist, and perfect tenses. The perfect is not included in the textbook due to its rarity.
It’s negative is μή.
The Subjunctive Present Active
Singular:
1. λύω
2. λύῃς
3. λύῃ
Plural:
1. λύωμεν
2. λύητε
3. λύωσι(ν)
The Subjunctive Present Middle/Passive
Singular:
1. λύωμαι
2. λύῃ
3. λύηται
Plural:
1. λυώμεθα
2. λύησθε
3. λύωνται
The Subjunctive Aorist Active
Singular:
1. λύσω
2. λύσῃς
3. λύσῃ
Plural:
1. λυσώμεν
2. λύσητε
3. λύσωσι(ν)
The Subjunctive Aorist Middle
Singular:
1. λύσωμαι
2. λύσῃ
3. λύσηται
Plural:
1. λυσώμεθα
2. λύσησθε
3. λύσωνται
The Subjunctive Aorist Passive
Singular:
1. λύθω
2. λύθῇς
3. λύθῇ
Plural:
1. λυθῶμεν
2. λύθῆτε
3. λύθῶσι(ν)
Uses of the Subjunctive
1) First Person Plural subjunctive is used for exhortation (calling others to an action or state of being.
2) Deliberative Subjunctive is used for questions of possibility, desirability, or necessity. They are sometimes rhetorical. They can also be indirect and wouldn’t have a question mark in that case.
3) Assertion: this says something will not happen, is called the emphatic negation, and uses οὐ μή.
4) Purpose: introduced with ἱνα or ὁπως
5) Future or present general condition clauses: ἐάν + subjunctive indicates future conditions and present general conditions.
The Present Subjunctive of εἰμί
Singular:
1. ὦ
2. ᾖς
3.ᾖ
Plural:
1. ὦμεν
2. ἦτε
3. ὦσι(ν)
Infinitive Basics
Infinitives are verbal nouns
It has tense and voice, but not person and number.
it can have adverbial modifiers, subjects, direct objects, or indirect objects.
It can function to express purpose, result, time, or cause.
It can function substantivally by taking a definite article or be the object of a preposition. (When it does this it is neuter.)
The subject of an infinitive is in the accusative case and so is its direct object.
It uses the negative particle μή.
Infinitive Tense
The Tense of an infinitive refers to the type of action.
Present = linear action
Aorist = undefined action
Perfect = completed action with continuing result
This difference is sometimes untranslatable.
Forms of the Infinitive
Present:
Act. λύειν
Mid. λύεσθαι
Pass. λύεσθαι
Aorist:
Act. λῦσαι
Mid. λύσασθαι
Pass. λυθῆναι
Perfect:
Act. λελυκέναι
Mid. λελύσθαι
Pass. λελύσθαι
2nd Aorist:
Act. λαβεῖν
Mid. λαβέσθαι
Principal parts and the Infinitive
Present infinitives are based on the first principal part.
The aorist active and middle are based on the third principal part.
The aorist passive is based on the sixth.
The perfect active is based on the fourth.
The perfect middle and passive are based on the fifth.
Syntax of the Infinitive
It has nounlike functions:
1) Subject
2) Direct object of a verb
Verbal aspects:
3) express purpose (often using simple infinitive, genitive τοῦ, or prepositions εἰς or πρός.)
4) express result (often using simple infinitive, genitive τοῦ, or preposition ὣστε.)
5) express time (commonly with πρό, ἐν, or μετά)
6) express cause (articular infinitive with διά)
Indirect Discourse
In addition to ὅτι with words like ἀκουω, βλεπω, γινωσκω, λεγω, and πιστευω, it can also use indirect discourse. When it does it retains the mood and tense of the original discourse. English only sometimes does this so it has to be kept in mind when translating.
Feminine Nouns in -ις, εως
Singular:
N. πόλις
G. πόλεως
D. πόλει
A. πόλιν
V. πόλι
Plural:
N.-V. πόλεις
G. πόλεων
D. πόλεσι(ν)
A. πόλεις
Masculine Nouns in -ευς, -εως
Singular:
N. βασιλεύς
G. βασιλέως
D. βασιλεῖ
A. βασιλέα
V. βασιλεῦ
Plural:
N.-V. βασιλεῖς
G. βασιλέων
D. βασιλεῦσι(ν)
A. βασιλεῖς
Neuter Nouns in -ος, -ους
Singular:
N.-V. γένος
G. γένους
D. γένει
A. γένος
Plural:
N.-V. γένη
G. γενῶν
D. γένεσι(ν)
A. γένη
Adjectives of the Third Declension
(ἀληθής)
Singular:
Masc. Fem.
N. ἀληθής
G. ἀληθοῦς
D. ἀληθεῖ
A. ἀληθῆ
V. ἀληθές
Neut.
N. ἀληθές
G. ἀληθοῦς
D. ἀληθεῖ
A. ἀληθές
V. ἀληθἐς
Plural:
Masc. Fem.
N.-V. ἀληθεῖς
G. ἀληθῶν
D. ἀληθέσι(ν)
A. ἀληθεῖς
Neut.
Neut.
N. -V. ἀληθῆ
G. ἀληθῶν
D. ἀληθέσι(ν)
A. ἀληθῆ
Interrogative Pronoun and Adjective - Masc. and Fem.
“Who”, “Which”, “What” “Why”
or
what x, what sort of x, etc.
Singular:
N. τίς
G. τίνος
D. τίνι
A. τίνα
Plural:
N. τίνες
G. τίνων
D. τίσι(ν)
A. τίνας
Interrogative Pronoun and Adjective - Neuter
“Who”, “Which”, “What” “Why”
or
what x, what sort of x, etc.
Singular:
N. τί
G. τίνος
D. τίνι
A. τί
Plural:
N. τίνα
G. τίνων
D. τίσι(ν)
A. τίνα
Interrogative Pronoun and Adjective Syntax
Uses a 3-1-3 declension pattern.
The accent is always acute on τί.
Usually substantive as a pronoun, less often it modifies a noun as an adjective.
It can be used as an indirect question, and matches the mood and tense of the original question.
Finally, the accusative singular neuter is also used adverbially meaning “Why?”.
The Relative Pronoun - Masculine
Someone, something, a certain one, a certain thing,
or
relative clause (which, etc.)
Singular:
N. ὅς
G. οὕ
D. ᾧ
A. ὅν
Plural:
N. οἵ
G. ὧν
D. οἷς
A. οὕς
The Relative Pronoun - Feminine
Someone, something, a certain one, a certain thing,
or
relative clause (which, etc.)
Singular:
N. ἥ
G. ἧς
D. ᾗ
A. ἥν
Plural:
N. αἵ
G. ὧν
D. αἷς
A. ἅς
The Relative Pronoun - Neuter
Someone, something, a certain one, a certain thing,
or
relative clause (which, etc.)
Singular:
N. ὅ
G. οὗ
D. ᾧ
A. ὅ
Plural:
N. ἅ
G. ὧν
D. αἷς
A. ἅ
Relative Pronoun Syntax
Declined according to the first and second declension
Agrees with the antecedent in number and gender, normally takes case as required by the clause.
Exception: when the antecedent is in the genitive or dative case and the relative pronoun would be in the accusative as the object, in such cases it takes the gender and number (and case) of the antecedent.
Sometimes the antecedent of a relative pronoun is sometimes omitted and a word must be supplied to complete the translation, like “he who” vs “who”.
Imperative Syntax
Positive = commands
Negative = prohibitions
Uses the present, aorist, and perfect tenses, but the perfect is rare in Biblical Greek.
Present uses first principal part. Aorist active and middle on the third, Aorist passive on the sixth.
There is no first person. (The horatory subjunctive serves the first person function.)
The negative particle is μη.
Present Active Imperative
Singular:
2. λῦε, loosen!
3. λυέτω, let him/her/it loosen!
Plural:
2. λύετε
3. λυέτωσαν
Present Middle/Passive Imperative
Singular:
2. λύου, be loosened!
3. λυέσθω, let him/her/it be loosened!
Plural:
2. λύεσθε
3. λυέσθωσαν
First Aorist Active Imperative
Singular:
2. λῦσον, loosen!
3. λυσάτω, let him/her loosen!
Plural:
2. λύσατε
3. λυσάτωσαν
First Aorist Middle Imperative
Singular:
2. λῦσαι, loosen (for yourself)
3. λυσάσθω, let him/her loosen (for himself/herself)
Plural:
2. λύσασθε
3. λυσάσθωσαν
First Aorist Passive Imperative
Singular:
2. λύθητι, be loosened!
3. λυθήτω, let him/her be loosened!
Plural:
2. λύθητε
3. λυθἠτωσαν
Second Aorist Active Imperative
Singular:
2. λάβε, take!
3. λαβέτω, let him/her take!
Plural:
2. λάβετε
3. λαβέτωσαν
Second Aorist Middle Imperative
Singular:
2. λαβοῦ, take (for yourself)!
3. λαβέσθω, let him/her take (for himself/herself)!
Plural:
2. λάβεσθε
3. λαβέσθωσαν
Tense in the Imperative
Present imperative usually implies that the action called for is to be prolonged or repeated. The negative indicates that the action is forbidden.
The aorist subjunctive with μή is a categorical prohibition. It views the action as a whole and often forbids action that has not yet begun.
Present Imperative of εἰμί
Singular:
2. ἴσθι, be!
3. ἔστω, let him, her, it be!
Plural:
2. ἔστε
3. ἔστωσαν
Less commonly for 3P1, ἤτω.
Principal parts of δίδωμι
- δίδωμι 2. δώσω 3. ἒδωκα 4. δέδωκα 5. δέδομαι 6. ἐδόθην
Present system Reduplication for -μι
δι appears at the beginning of the first principal part and all forms based on it (present, imperfect)
Third principal part κα
This part as an epsilon argument and a κα suffix in the first aorist.
Present Active δίδωμι
Sing.
δίδωμι, I give
δίδως, you give, etc.
δίδωσι(ν)
Plural.
δίδομεν
δίδοτε
διδόασι(ν)
Present Middle/Passive δίδωμι
Sing.
δίδομαι
δίδοσαι
δίδοται
Plural.
δίδομεθα
δίδοσθε
δίδονται
Imperfect Active δίδωμι
Sing.
ἐδίδουν
ἐδίδους
ἐδίδου
Plural
ἐδίδομεν
ἐδίδοτε
ἐδίδοσαν or ἐδίδουν
Imperfect Middle/Passive δίδωμι
Sing.
ἐδιδόμην
ἐδίδοσο
ἐδίδοτο
Plural
ἐδιδόμεθα
ἐδίδοσθε
ἐδίδοντο
Present Infinitive δίδωμι
Present Active: διδόναι
Present Mid./Pass.: δίδοσθαι
Present Active Subjunctive δίδωμι
Sing.
διδῶ
διδῷς
διδῷ
Plural
διδῶμεν
διδῶτε
διδῶσι(ν)
Present Middle/Passive Subjunctive δίδωμι
Sing.
διδῶμαι
διδῷ
διδῶται
Plural
διδώμεθα
διδῶσθε
διδῶνται
Present Active Imperative δίδωμι
Sing.
δίδου
διδότω
Plural
δίδοτε
διδὀτωσαν
Present Middle/Passive Imperative δίδωμι
Sing.
δίδοσο
διδόσθω
Plural
δίδοσθε
διδόσθωσαν
Aorist Active δίδωμι
Sing.
ἒδωκα
ἒδωκας
ἒδωκε(ν)
Plural
ἐδώκαμεν
ἐδώκατε
ἐδώκαν
Present Active Participle δίδωμι
Μ.
διδούς
διδόντος
…
F.
διδοῦσα
διδούσης
…
Ν.
διδόν
διδόντος
…
Present Middle/Passive Participle δίδωμι
Μ.
διδόμενος
διδομένου
…
F.
διδομένη
διδομενης
…
N.
διδόμενον
διδομένου
…
Aorist Middle Indicative δίδωμι
Sing.
ἐδόμην
ἒδου
ἒδοτο
Plural
ἐδόμεθα
ἒδοσθε
ἒδοντο
Aorist Active Subjunctive δίδωμι
Sing.
δῶ
δῷς
δῷ
Plural
δῶμεν
δῶτε
δῶσι(ν)
Aorist Middle Subjunctive δίδωμι
Sing.
δῶμαι
δῷ
δῶται
Plural
δώμεθα
δῶσθε
δῶνται
Aorist Active Imperative δίδωμι
Sing.
δός
δότω
Plural
δότε
δότωσαν
Aorist Middle Imperative δίδωμι
Sing.
δοῦ
δόσθω
Plural
δόσθε
δόσθωσαν
Aorist Active and Middle Infinitive δίδωμι
Active: δοῦναι
Middle: δόσθαι
