Class Lecture Case Cards

Question 1

Nominative in Simple Apposition

Answer 1

Nominative in the same case and same relationship to the rest of the sentence as another nominative which is the subject of a sentence and offers more information about that nominative.

Question 2

Nominative Absolute

Answer 2

This is a nominative in introductory material. They occur in phrases rather than sentences. The nominative is not absolute if a verb appears in this material.

Question 3

Pendant Nominative

Answer 3

The Pendant nominative appears in a normal sentence. This is another nominative in a sentence which is NOT the grammatical subject of the sentence. It is instead the logical subject of the sentence. It is followed by a sentence in which the logical nominative subject is now replaced by a pronoun in the case required by the syntax.

Question 4

Parenthetic Nominative

Answer 4

This is the nominative subject of a parenthetical clause. A parenthetical clause is set apart by parentheses rather than commas and is used to convey extra information.

Question 5

Nominative of Vocative (Nominative of Address)

Answer 5

It is used in direct address to address the addressee.

You can expect to find:
- an anarthrous nominative,
- with or without ὦ or an articular nominative,
- Carrying the nuance of addressing an inferior, superior, or functioning as a simple substitute for a Semitic noun of address.

Question 6

Possessive Genitive

Answer 6

Genitive indicating that the head noun is owned by the genitive.

Identify it with “belonging to” (especially with sects or groups) or “possessed by” in place of “of”.

Possessive pronouns usually have a primary nuance of possession.

Question 7

Partitive Genitive

Answer 7

The genitive noun denotes the whole of which the head noun is a part.

To identify, replace “of” with “which is a part of”.

τις (some), ἑκαστος (each), or εἱς (one), followed by a genitive modifier is almost always a partitive genitive.

The difference between the partitive and possessive is that the head noun is usually animate in possessive. I.e. objects can’t possess things.

Question 8

Attributive Genitive

Answer 8

The genitive noun specifies an attribute or an innate quality of the head noun. The genitive noun functions like an adjective.

Identified by converting the genitive modifier into an adjective. The “body of sin” for “sinful body.”

Question 9

Attributed Genitive

Answer 9

The head noun is converted into an attributive adjective and modifies the genitive noun.

Opposite of the Attributive Genitive.

Identified by converting the nominative into an adjective for the genitive modifier.

Question 10

Genitive in Simple Apposition

Answer 10

Two words side-by-side that refer to the same person, place, thing or idea; that is, they must share the same referent, in this case as genitives.

If a genitive is in simple apposition, use the key phrases “which is”, “namely”, or, if it’s a personal noun, “who is”

The relationship between the two is equivalent.

Question 11

Genitive in Apposition

Answer 11

Two words side-by-side that refer to the same person, place, thing or idea; that is, they must share the same referent.

Unlike a genitive of simple apposition, the head noun and the genitive noun may or may not be in the same case.

The relationship is not equivalent because the genitive will be a large category, ambiguous, or metaphorical; also “of” can be used, which cannot happen in Simple Apposition.

Be careful not to confuse with partitive, partitive indicate involvement in the whole, rather than a particular within a class of head noun.

Question 12

Genitive of Comparison

Answer 12

Genitive nouns that come after a comparative adjective. They indicate a comparison, such as “X is greater than Y.” The genitive of comparison is the “Y”.

“than” works here instead of “of”. It is a comparison based on the presence of a comparative earlier in the sentence.

Question 13

Subjective Genitive

Answer 13

“Who shall separate us from the love of Christ?”

If Christ is the subject, then it is a subjective Genitive. “Christ’s love”

To determine if a genitive is subjective, first turn the genitive into the subject. Then see if the head noun can be converted into a verb.

Question 14

Objective Genitive

Answer 14

“Who shall separate us from the love of Christ?”

If our love is the subject, then it is an objective Genitive. “Our love for Christ”

To determine if a genitive is objective, first turn the head noun into a verb. Then see if the genitive can be converted into the object.

Question 15

Plenary Genitive

Answer 15

When the context lends itself to both the subjective and objective genitive reading, it is called “plenary genitive.” It is both a subjective and objective genitive.

Rev 1:1.

Question 16

Genitive of Time

Answer 16

The genitive noun indicates the kind of time, or time during which the word to which it stands related takes place.

Instead of “of” use “during”, “at”, or other time marker words.

The key to identifying the genitive of time is knowing that the genitive noun will be functionally adverbially, specifically communicating the kind of time or time during which the verbal action takes place.

Question 17

Descriptive Genitive

Answer 17

When all else fails, us this one.

The descriptive genitive is the “catch-all” category that contains genitives that don’t fit the other categories. Uses “characterized by” or “described by”.

Question 18

Dative of Interest

Answer 18

This dative indicates the person (or, rarely, the thing) interested in the verbal action. It can express an advantage or disadvantage to the interested person.

The dative of advantage has a “to” or “for” idea. The dative of disadvantage has an “against” idea. Both are common by the dative of advantage occurs more frequently.

Question 19

Dative of Reference/Respect

Answer 19

The dative noun is that in reference to which something is presented as true. This dative is used to qualify a statement that would otherwise typically not be true.

Replacement phrase “with reference to” or “with respect to” will hold the same meaning in context. (With respect to can be smoothed out to “concerning” in some cases.)

This is similar to the Dative of Means/Instrument. It uses “in”, the difference is only occasionally significant, use context.

Question 20

Dative of Simple Apposition

Answer 20

In this construction, the dative case will be an apposition to another noun in the same case, will share the same reference, and have the same syntactical relation to the rest of the clause.

Question 21

Dative of Sphere

Answer 21

The keyword in this construction will be “in the sphere of” or “in the realm of.” It emphasizes the place where the action took place. These two phrases are the key to identifying it.

Is this “how”? That fits, but is the Dative of Means. Sphere and Means can overlap, distinguish by context and intent.

Question 22

Dative of Time

Answer 22

The dative of time indicates the time when an action occurred. It routinely denotes the point of time, answering the question “when?”

The dative of time regularly occurs with the preposition ἐν.

Question 23

Dative of Means/Instrument

Answer 23

Answers the question, “How did the action occur?”

This dative indicates the means or instrument by which something takes place. Unlike the dative of manner, the dative noun is usually concrete and conceived as impersonal.

There will be an agent (stated or implied) that uses the means as an instrument. Even if a person is the dative, the dative is seen as impersonal.

To translate, use “by means of”, “with”, or “through.”

Question 24

Dative of Agency

Answer 24

Answers the question, “How did the action occur?”

The dative of agency is a noun used to indicate the personal agent by whom an action is accomplished.

Ways to identify:
1. Lexical: the dative must be personal.
2. Contextual: the person specified by the dative noun is portrayed as exercising volition
3. Grammatical: the only clear texts involve a perfect passive verb.
4. Linguistic: a good rule of thumb for distinguishing between agent and means: the agent of a passive verb can become the subject of an active verb, while the dative of means normally cannot.

This is rare in the NT. Usually it is done by ὑπο + the genitive (ultimate agency) or διά + the genitive, (intermediate agency).

Question 25

Dative of Cause

Answer 25

This dative indicates the cause or basis of the verbal action. The key phrase is “because of”, “on the basis of”, or “by” and see if it fits the context.

Question 26

Dative of Manner

Answer 26

Answers the question, “How did the action occur?”

The dative of manner describes the manner in which the verbal action was carried out. The manner described is an accompany action, attitude, emotion, or circumstance.

The dative noun is usually an abstract quality, like truth or love.

The best way to identify a dative of manner is to turn the dative noun into an adverb and see if it fits.

Question 27

Double Accusative: Person-Thing

Answer 27

Substantival Use.

Double Accusative of Person-Thing: This double accusative often appears with verbs expressing teaching, reminding, clothing, anointing, inquiring, and asking.

Detected by the first being a personal pronoun and the second a noun like “men”, “women”, “all” etc.

Wallace: “…the person is the object affect, while the thing is the object effected.”

You may have to supply a word to smooth it out like “with” between the two if one is not provided in Greek.

Question 28

Double Accusative: Object-complement

Answer 28

Substantival Use.

The first accusative is the direct object of the verb, while the second accusative will complement the first accusative by predicating something about it.

This double accusative often appears with verbs expressing calling, designating, confessing, making, appointing, sending, expelling, considering, regarding, having taking, declaring, and presenting.

Just because a personal pronoun is used does not mean the construction is person-thing. You must determine whether the second object is a more remote object (person-thing), or whether it is saying something more about the first accusative (object-complement).

You may have to supply a word to smooth it out like “with” or “as” between the two if one is not provided in Greek.

Order Rules:
1. If one of the two is a pronoun, it will be the object.
2. If one of the two is a proper name, it will be the object.
3. If one of the two is articular, it will be the object.

Question 29

Accusative as Subject of the Infinitive

Answer 29

Substantival Use.

The subject of the infinitive will be in the accusative case rather than the nominative, but when there is more than one accusative, it may be difficult to determine which is the subject.

Question 30

Pecking Order Rules of Predicate Nominatives

Answer 30

Order Rules:
1. If one of the two is a pronoun, it will be the subject.
2. If one of the two is a proper name, it will be the subject.
3. If one of the two is articular, it will be the subject.

Question 31

Accusative in Simple Apposition

Answer 31

Substantival Use:

In this construction, an accusative will be an appositive to another noun in the same case that share the same referent and have the same syntactical relation to the rest of the clause.

The first accusative noun can belong to any accusative category, while the second is merely a clarification of who or what is mentioned. The appositive noun “piggy-backs” on the first accusative’s use.

Question 32

Accusative of Measure (Space/Time)

Answer 32

Adverbial Use.

In this construction, the accusative noun indicates the extent of the verbal action. This can be how far (extent of space) or how long (extent of time).

Insert the key phrases “for the extent of” or (with reference to time) “for the duration of.” If they fit, it’s an accusative of measure, either of space or time.

Question 33

Colwell’s Construction

Answer 33

“An anarthrous pre-verbal Predicate Nominative is normally qualitative, sometimes definite, and only rarely indefinite.”

Further explanation

I noticed Dr. Breonis often says that the Predicate Nominative is “sometimes” qualitative, despite how the rule is written.

This is the combination of Colwell’s rule with Harnack’s essay.

Relates to a predicate nominative that does not have the article and occurs before the linking verb.

An “anarthrous pre-verbal predicate nominative” can function one of three ways: definite, indefinite, or qualitative.

When a predicate nominative that is considered definite from the context comes before the linking verb, it will usually be anarthrous.

definite = translated as if it had the article
indefinite = translated as if it did not have the article, “a”
Qualitative = translated as if it did not have the article and communicated a quality or attribute to the subject.

Question 34

Granville Sharp’s Rule

Answer 34

When the construction article-substantive-και-substantive (TSKS) involved personal nouns which were singular and not proper names, they always referred to the same person.

i.e. In the TSKS construction, the second substantive refers to the same person mentioned with the first substantive.

Conditions:
1. Both substantives are in the same case.
2. Neither substantive is impersonal.
3. Neither substantive is plural.
4. Neither substantive is a proper name (nouns that cannot be pluralized)
A. Note: titles are not a proper name because it can be pluralized.

Question 35

Predicate Nominative vs. Subject

Answer 35

The subject will be a pronoun, whether stated or implied in the verb.
The subject will be articular.
The subject will be a proper name.
In case of combinations, the pronoun is highest priority for subject and articular and proper names have equal priority.

Question 36

Apollonius’ Canon and Corollary

Answer 36

Canon:

When one noun governs another noun both will either have or lack the article.

This is true 80% of the time. The remaining 20%:
1. The head noun may be anarthrous while the genitive qualified is articular, especially if the head noun is the object of a preposition, a predicate nominative, or vocative.
2. Either the head noun or gen modifier may be anarthrous if it is a proper name (including κυριος), even though the other noun may be articular.

Corollary:

When both nouns are anarthrous, they will usually have the same semantic force.

i.e. Both anarthrous nouns will usually be definite (D-D), less commonly qualitative (Q-Q), and least likely indefinite (I-I).

Question 37

Time in Adverbial Participles

Answer 37

Time is relative in participles dependent on the location of the verb.

The timing of present adverbial participles will be contemporaneous with the main verb.

The timing of a future adverbial participle is subsequent.

The timing of an aorist participle is antecedent to the main verb, like a perfect participle. The action of an aorist participle is prior to the main verb, but aorist can be contemporaneous if the main verb is also aorist.

Question 38

The Adverbial Participle of Purpose

Answer 38

This participle indicates the purpose of the action of the finite verb.

Rather than adding “ing”, translate this as an infinitive.

Question 39

Identifying the Adverbial Participle of Purpose

Answer 39

1. Translating by infinitive or with the phrase “with the purpose of” makes sense.
2. Since purpose is accomplished as a result of the verbal action, perfect participles do not happen in this category. Future Adverbial participles can always work in this category, present often does, and aorist rarely does as well.
3. Verbs that entail the idea of purpose lexically, like “seek” or “signify”, will fall under this category.
4. The purpose participle will almost always follow the controlling verb.

Purpose looks forward; Cause looks back.

Participles of Purpose underscore the actor, infinitives of purpose underscore the action.

Question 40

Difference between Participles of Result and Purpose

Answer 40

The participle of purpose and result both describe the end of the verbal action, but the participle of purpose emphasizes intention or design, while result emphasizes what the action of the verb actually accomplishes. The primary difference is one of emphasis.

Question 41

Identifying Adverbial Participles of Result

Answer 41

1. Internal or Logical Result: The participle gives the logical outcome of the verb, in this case, the action of the participle will simultaneously occur with the action of the main verb.
2. External or Temporal Result: The participle gives the chronological outcome of the verb. In this case, the action of the participle will occur subsequent to the action.

The key to identifying the participle of result is knowing that it will be a present participle and will follow (in word order) the main verb. To verify beyond this, us the key phrase “with the result of”.

Question 42

Nuances of Adverbial Participles

Answer 42

These are not embedded in the participle itself. They consider other elements like text, word order, lexical meaning, and especially context.

Certain nuances take one case over another. The adverbial nuance of purpose is normally found in future verbs, sometimes, present, almost never aorist or perfect because the purpose of the controlling verb is carried out after the time of the main verb and sometimes at the same time.

Causal participles will not be in the future tense. They are frequently perfect, aorist, and present because they provide the reason or basis of the action of the main verb.

Result participles are never in the perfect tense.

Participles of means are normally in the present tense and frequently in the aorist.

Question 43

Attendant Circumstance Participle

Answer 43

This participle is used to communicate an action that, in some sense is coordinate with the main verb.

If is like a periphrastic participle, in that it is translated like a verb. But unlike periphrastic participles, the attendant circumstance participle is translated on its own and “piggy-backs” on the mood of the main verb.

Identified by (95% of the time):
1. Tense is usually aorist.
2. Tense of the main verb is usually aorist.
3. The mood of the main verb is usually imperative or indicative.
4. The participle will precede the main verb – both in word order and time of event (though usually there is a very close proximity).
5. Attendant circumstance participles occur frequently in narrative literature, infrequently elsewhere.

Semantic Notes:
1. Attendant circumstance participles introduce a new action or shift in the narrative.
2. A greater emphasis is placed on the action of the main verb than on the participle. The participle will be a prerequisite before the action of the main verb can occur.

Question 44

Substantival Infinitive Differences

Answer 44

The major difference is that the epexegetical infinitive explains the noun or adjective (it is never related to a pronoun), whereas the appositional infinitive defines it (and will relate to a pronoun).

Question 45

Appositional Infintiive

Answer 45

This infinitive can stand in apposition to a noun, pronoun, or substantival adjective (or some other substantive).

Identify by putting “namely” before the infinitive.

Question 46

Epexegetical Infinitive

Answer 46

This infinitive clarifies, explains, or qualifies a noun or adjective (never a pronoun).

Normally, this use of the infinitive occurs with words indicating ability, authority, desire, freedom, hope, need, obligation, or readiness.

The key difference between appositional and epexegetical infinitive is that the former defines and the latter explains.

Question 47

Imperative as a Request or Entreaty

Answer 47

This imperative (sometimes called the polite command) will appear in contexts where the speaker is addressing a superior. Prayers with imperatival statements fit this category.

The request can be positive (Lord, please do X) or negative (Lord, please do not do X). When negative, the particle μή will precede the verb.

Rarely, the request imperative may be used by a superior when addressing an inferior, though we can’t known for certain. But it makes sense of certain contexts.

Question 48

Prohibitive Imperative

Answer 48

This imperative forbids an action. Since imperative verbs are non-indicative, you will find the negative particle μή, turning a command into a prohibition.

Question 49

Aspect

Answer 49

tells us how the author wants his readers to view the verbal action

“From French, point of view, view point.”

Every Greek verb used by an author presents an activity, action, or state from one of two viewpoints: either from outside the verbal action or from inside the verbal action. Outside means whole or complete action, Inside means focusing on part of the action as it develops.

External = Perfective Aspect (Aorist, Future)
Internal = Imperfective Aspect (Present or Imperfect)
Combined = Combinative Aspect (Perfect or Pluperfect)

Combinative: These tenses are used when the author wants the reader to view the verbal action as a whole with ongoing effects.

Question 50

Tense

Answer 50

Tells us when the action of the verb took place.

In Greek, tense tells us primarily about aspect and only secondarily about time. We use Tense-Form instead of Tense.

Aorist (usually past, antecedent to the verb), Future (future)
Present (usually present), Imperfect (past)
Perfect (usually past), Pluperfect (past)

Aorist (past action viewed as a whole)
Future (future action viewed as a whole)
Present (current action viewed as ongoing)
Imperfect (past viewed as ongoing)
Perfect (completed action with ongoing effects)
Pluperfect (Past action with ongoing effects in the past)

Question 51

Aktionsart

Answer 51

Tells us the type of action conveyed by the verb. These are nuances that explain the precise type of verbal action.

German = “Type of Action”

Punctiliar: One-Off, instantaneous action
Iterative: Repeated action
Ingressive: Specific Focus on beginning of action

Depends on lexical and contextual factors; that is, the nature of the verb itself and the surrounding context. Both of these factors shed light on the type of verbal action conveyed.

Question 52

Three Step Method for Identifying Aspect and Aktionsart

Answer 52

1. Identify the aspect of the verb (perfective, imperfective, or combinative), by identifying its tense.

2.a. Is the verb transitive or intransitive? (Transitive: demand an object to act upon, intransitive verbs do not require an object.) (Some verbs are ambitransitive and can be either depending on use.) (An intransitive verb may have a direct object that is not acted on.)
b. What type of action does the verb inherently convey? (Punctiliar, stative, or other) (punctiliar verbs are often transitive) (Other verbs describing a state of being are stative and not time bound. Stative verbs are usually intransitive, but can be transitive.)

3. Analyze the context.
   a. Is there anything in the immediate context that informs the way I should understand the type of action (or Aktionsart) of the verb? (like a word or phrase)
   b. Is there anything in the broader context that informs the way I should understand the type of action (or Aktionsart) of the verb? (Like something in the earlier chapter or genre)

Question 53

Present Progressive

Answer 53

The author is portraying the verbal action in progress.

The imperfective aspect combines with a non-punctiliar and non-stative verb to convey a progressive sense.

Question 54

Present Stative

Answer 54

This is used by the author to depict a state of being.

In this expression, imperfective aspect combines with a stative verb to convey a stative Aktionsart, as long as the stative sense is not overruled by the context.

Question 55

Present Iterative

Answer 55

This is used by the author to depict iterative (or repeated) actions.

2 ways an interative expression may be conveyed:

The first is when an imperfective aspect combines with a punctiliar verb, which conveys the sense of a repeating punctiliar action.

The second way an iterative expression may be conveyed is when imperfective aspect combines with an intransitive non-stative verb in a context that requires the action to be repeated.

The key difference between the progressive and iterative present is that the progressive present is ongoing, whereas the iterative present conveys a repeated action over longer intervals of time.

Question 56

Present Gnomic

Answer 56

The author is making a statement of a general, timeless fact.

(Does happen vs is happening)

Can involve any word.

Question 57

Historical Present

Answer 57

This is when the author uses a present verb to depict a past action more vividly or to indicate a shift in the discourse. It can also be used for rhetorical purposes.

Technically not an Aktionsart expression, but a special function of the present tense-form.

It appears often in narrative literature, especially with verbs indicating a movement from one point to another (such as coming, going, taking, giving) or verbs that introduce discourse (such as λεγει and λεγουσιν)

Question 58

Imperfect Progressive

Answer 58

This means the author is portraying the verbal action in progress, just like the progressive present, only the progressive imperfect is in the past.

In this expression, imperfective aspect combines with a non-punctiliar and a non-stative verb to convey a progressive sense.

Question 59

Imperfect Ingressive

Answer 59

This means the author is depicting the beginning, and subsequent progression, of an action.

Similar to the progressive, the beginning of the action is in view. Mostly, the beginning of the action is flagged by the context, in which there is a topic shift or new direction in the narrative.

Combines with non-punctiliar and non-stative verbs that allow for a progressive sense to convey an ingressive Aktionsart.

Question 60

Imperfect Iterative

Answer 60

Like the iterative present, the iterative imperfect is frequently used to depict events that repeatedly occur; but, unlike the present, this action occurs in the past.

The imperfective aspect combines with a punctiliar lexeme, which communicates a repeating punctiliar action.

or

When imperfective aspect combines with any non-state of being verb in a context that requires the action to be repetitious.

Question 61

Imperfect Conative

Answer 61

The author is portraying an action that is attempted but not accomplished.

The imperfective aspect combines with any non-stative verb to depict an action as being undertaken but not completed.

Always is demanded by context (because the verb doesn’t tell you it failed).

Question 62

Stative Imperfect

Answer 62

This is used by the author to depict a state of being.

In this expression, imperfective aspect combines with a stative verb to create a stative Aktionsart, as long as the stative sense is not overruled by the context.

Question 63

Aorist Summary

Answer 63

This is used by the author to portray a process or action in summary.

Most common use. Combines with non-punctiliar and non-stative verbs.

Question 64

Aorist Punctiliar

Answer 64

This is used by the author to portray the verbal action as punctiliar, once-occurring, and instantaneous.

Combines with a punctiliar verb.

Question 65

Aorist Ingressive

Answer 65

This is used by an author to portray the entrance into a state of the beginning of a new action.

Combines with a stative verb and can work with other verbs with context.

Question 66

Aorist Gnomic

Answer 66

The author uses this aorist to convey gnomic actions; that is, actions which are universal and timeless, such as “Never give up!” or “work hard, play hard.”

Combines with perfective, any verb, and context of general statements. Often translated as present.

Question 67

Present Aorist

Answer 67

This is when an author uses an Aorist tense-form to portray an event or action that is present in temporal reference.

Not Aktionsart, special function. Easy to confuse with Gnomic, but the difference is that it does not convey a universal truth.

Combines perfective with any verb, but context sets present temporal reference.

Question 68

Future Aorist

Answer 68

The author uses the aorist tense-form to refer to a future temporal reference.

Not Aktionsart, special function. These future aorists commonly appear in conditional sentences where they add contingency compared to future tense forms.

Combines perfective aspect with any verb, but the context sets the future temporal reference.

Question 69

Summary Future

Answer 69

This is used by the author to depict a process or action in summary.

Most common Aktionsart, combines with non-punctiliar and non-stative verbs to convey a summary sense (as long as context permits).

Question 70

Future Punctiliar

Answer 70

This is used by the author to depict a punctiliar, once-occurring, instantaneous action.

Combines with perfective aspect and punctiliar verbs, context permitting.

Question 71

Future Ingressive

Answer 71

This is used by the author to focus on the beginning of a state or action.

Combines with perfective aspect and stative verbs. Other verbs can also work, as always, context permitting.

Non-stative verbs convey the beginning of a new action though context.

Question 72

Intensive Perfect

Answer 72

This is used by the author to emphasize the results or present state produced by a past action.

The combinative aspect merges with a stative verb to convey the intensive perfect, context permitting.

If there is no stative verb, the context can still suggest a focus on ongoing effects to achieve this aspect.

Question 73

Extensive Perfect

Answer 73

This is used by the author to emphasize the completed event in past time or the process from which a present state arises rather than the present results themselves.

The combinative aspect merges with any non-stative verb to convey the extensive perfect, unless the context clearly promotes a state of being sense.

Question 74

Historical Perfect

Answer 74

This special function of the perfect tense-form is often used by the author in non-present contexts, most often past-referring.

For this reason, you translate it like an Aorist in meaning (“I did,” rather than “ I have done”).

This historical perfect has two basic functions:

1. It is used for rhetorical purposes (to focus on some aspect of the narrative)
2. It might be used for literary purposes, namely to change the topic.

Combines with a verb of movement within a past-referring context.

Question 75

Perfect with Present Force

Answer 75

A function of the perfect tense-form where a perfect verb will essentially function as a present verb.

The most commonly used verb for this category is οἶδα - that perfect verb which is always translated as a present verb. Other stative verbs are also used in this way, like “I stand” (ἕστηκα) and “I am persuaded” (πέποιθα).

Stative verbs are usually used, but non-stative verbs are possible.

Combinative merges with stative or non-punctiliar verbs in a present-referring context to convey the perfect with present force.