Discourse Analysis Flashcards
Independent and Dependent clauses
Independent can stand on its own. Dependent clauses require other clauses to complete their meaning. Dependent clauses can appear either in subordinate relationships to independent clauses or as substantival relationships.
Compound sentence
two or more clauses are connected in a coordinate relation, also called paratactic structure.
Complex sentence
A complex sentence is one in which one or more clauses are subordinate to another clause, also called hypotactic structure.
Infinitival clause
Substantival, adjectival, or adverbial.
Substantival = subject, predicate nominative, or direct object
Adjectival = epexegetical infinitive to another substantive.
Adverbial = connects with prepositions like εἰς τό to create an adverbial effect.
Participial Clause
Participial clauses can be substantival, adjectival, or adverbial
substantival = a participle can function substantivally as the subject, predicate nominative, or direct object of the clause.
Adjectival = as an attributive adjectival participle, when it describes, explains, or restricts a noun, pronoun, or other substantive.
Adverbial = temporal, grounds/cause, conditional, means/manner, etc.
Conjunctive clause
Conjunctive clauses can be substantival, adjectival, or adverbial.
substantival = For instance,ὅτι + indicative and ἵνα + subjunctive can function substantivally as the subject, predicate nominative, direct object of the clause, as introducing indirect discourse, and appositionally.
adjectival = ὅτι + indicative and ἵνα + subjunctive can function adjectivally when it describes, explains, or restricts a noun, pronoun, or other substantive.
Adverbial = ὅτι + indicative can function adverbially, communicating nuance of grounds/cause, whereas ἵνα + subjunctive can communicate the adverbial nuances of complementary, purpose, or result.
Relative Clause
Relative clauses can be substantival, adjectival, or adverbial.
substantival = subject, direct object
adjectival = describes, explains, restricts a noun, pronoun or other substantive
adverbial = nuances of grounds/cause, comparison, concession/adversative, condition, locative, manner/means, purpose, result, and temporal.
Conjunctions
Conjunctions unite words, phrases, clauses, or paragraphs, but they do so either as coordinating or subordinating conjunctions.
and = connects two clauses of equal weight (makes a series)
But/or = connects two clauses as an alternative.
Most Common Greek Conjunctions
καί, δέ, γάρ, ἀλλά, οὖν, ἤ, τε, οὐδέ, οὔτε, εἴτε
Greek Coordinating Conjunction και
και expresses continuity and frequently connects actions or events into a series. Can express correlation or alternative or development.
Greek Coordinating Conjunction δε
expresses development and also frequently connects actions, events, or ideas into a series. Can express correlation or alternative or development.
Subordinating Conjunctions
Subordinating conjunctions specifically unite independent and dependent clauses.
Common Greek Subordinating Conjunctions Indicative
ὅτι, εἰ, καθώς, ὡς, γάρ, ὅτε
Common Greek Subordinating Conjunctions Subjunctive
ἵνα, ὅταν, ἐάν, ὅπως, ἕως, μή, μήποτε
Dependent Clause Forms
- Infinitival Clause
- Participial Clause
- Relative Clause
- Conjunctive Clause
Conjunctive Clause
the subordinating conjunction connects the dependent clause with an independent clause. These create different logical relationships. Types:
Result/Goal
Grounds/Basis/Support
Temporal
Condition
Comparison
Inference
List of logical relationships in Greek
Series (S)
Progression (P)
Alternative (Alt)
Adversative (Adv)
Negative/Positive (+/-)
Way-End (W-Ed)
Means-End (M-Ed)
Comparison (//)
General-Specific (Gn-Sp)
Fact-Interpretation (Ft-In)
Grounds (G)
Inference (:.)
Cause-Effect (C-E)
Temporal (T)
Locative (L)
Question-Answer (Q-A)
Situation-Response (S-R)
Condition (C?-E)
Alternative (Alt)
Conjunction or. Two clauses of equal status. εἴτε pairs. Coordinate
The primary key words for this logical relationship: or, but, while, on the one hand/on the other, whether/or
ἀλλά, δέ, μέν…δέ, εἴτε…εἴτε
Series (S)
Equal status, contributing to a logical point, but not as options. Coordinate
The primary key words for this logical relationship: and, moreover, furthermore, likewise, neither…nor
καί, δέ, τέ, οὔτε, οὐδέ, μήτε, μηδέ
Progression (P)
The clauses are not of equal status, but builds to a goal or climax. Coordinate and Subordinate.
The primary key words for this logical relationship: then, and, moreover, furthermore, neither…nor
καί, δέ, τέ, οὔτε, οὐδέ, μήτε, μηδέ