Grammar Chapter 27 & 28 – Perfect Formation, Full Paradigms

Question 1

√विश् (I विशति)
‘to enter’

[perfect active]

Answer 1

विवेश , विविशतुः , विविशुः
विवेशिथ , विविशथुः , विविश
विवेश , विविशिव , विविशिम

Roots ending in a consonant insert -i- before endings that begin with a consonant.

Question 2

√भुज् (VII भुनक्ति)
‘to enjoy’

[perfect active]

Answer 2

बुभोज , बुभुजतुः , बुभुजुः
बुभोजिथ , बुभुजथुः , बुभुज
बुभोज , बुभुजिव , बुभुजिम

Aspirated consonants reduplicate without aspiration.
Roots that contain i/ī or u/ū have -i- or -u- as their reduplicative vowel, respectively.

Question 3

√कृ (VIII करोति)
‘to do, make’

[perfect active]

Answer 3

चकार , चक्रतुः , चक्रुः
चकर्थ , चक्रथुः , चक्र
चकार / चकर , चकृव , चकृम

Velar consonants reduplicate as palatals.
Roots that contain vowel other than i/ī or u/ū have -a- as their reduplicative vowel.
Root-final ṛ changes into r before endings that begin with a vowel.

Question 4

√क्षिप् (VI क्षिपति)
‘to throw’

[perfect active]

Answer 4

चिक्षेप , चिक्षिपतुः , चिक्षिपुः
चिक्षेपिथ , चिक्षिपथुः , चिक्षिप
चिक्षेप , चिक्षिपिव , चिक्षिपिम

Of initial consonant clusters, only the first consonant is reduplicated.
Velar consonants reduplicate as palatals.
Roots that contain i/ī or u/ū have -i- or -u- as their reduplicative vowel, respectively.

Question 5

√लिख् (VI लिखति)
‘to write’

[perfect active]

Answer 5

लिलेख , लिलिखतुः , लिलिखुः
लिलेखिथ , लिलिखथुः , लिलिख
लिलेख , लिलिखिव , लिलिखिम

Roots that contain i/ī or u/ū have -i- or -u- as their reduplicative vowel, respectively.

Question 6

√युध् (I योधति)
‘to fight’

[perfect active]

Answer 6

युयोध , युयुधतुः , युयुधुः
युयोधिथ , युयुधथुः , युयुध
युयोध , युयुधिव , युयुधिम

Roots ending in a consonant insert -i- before endings that begin with a consonant.
Roots that contain i/ī or u/ū have -i- or -u- as their reduplicative vowel, respectively.

Question 7

√दृश् (IV पश्यति)
‘to see’

[perfect active]

Answer 7

ददर्श , ददृशतुः , ददृशुः
ददर्शिथ , ददृशथुः , ददृश
ददर्श , ददृशिव , ददृशिम

Roots that contain vowel other than i/ī or u/ū have -a- as their reduplicative vowel.

Question 8

√वृध् (वर्धति)
‘to grow’

[perfect active]

Answer 8

ववर्ध , ववृधतुः , ववृधुः
ववर्धिथ , ववृधथुः , ववृध
ववर्ध , ववृधिव , ववृधिम

Roots that contain vowel other than i/ī or u/ū have -a- as their reduplicative vowel.

Question 9

√विश् (I विशते)
‘to enter’

[perfect middle]

Answer 9

विविशे , विविशाते , विविशिरे
विविशिषे , विविशाथे , विविशिध्वे
विविशे , विविशिवहे , विविशिमहे

Roots ending in a consonant insert -i- before endings that begin with a consonant.

Question 10

√वृध् (वर्धते)
‘to grow, thrive’

[perfect middle]

Answer 10

ववृधे , ववृधाते , ववृधिरे
ववृधिषे , ववृधाथे , ववृधिध्वे
ववृधे , ववृधिवहे , ववृधिमहे

Roots that contain vowel other than i/ī or u/ū have -a- as their reduplicative vowel.

Question 11

√स्तु (II स्तुते)
‘to praise’

[perfect middle]

Answer 11

तुष्टुवे , तुष्टुवाते , तुष्टुविरे
तुष्टुषे , तुष्टुवाथे , तुष्टुध्वे
तुष्टुवे , तुष्टुवहे , तुष्टुमहे

verbs

Of initial consonant cluster s + stop, the stop reduplicates.
Verbs whose roots end in u/ū add -v- before endings that begin with a vowel.

Question 12

√युध् (I योधते)
‘to fight’

[perfect middle]

Answer 12

युयुधे , युयुधाते , युयुधिरे
युयुधिषे , युयुधाथे , युयुधिध्वे
युयुधे , युयुधिवहे , युयुधिमहे

Roots ending in a consonant insert -i- before endings that begin with a consonant.
Roots that contain i/ī or u/ū have -i- or -u- as their reduplicative vowel, respectively.

Question 13

√इष् (VI irreg. इच्छति)
‘to want’

[perfect active]

Answer 13

इयेष , ईषतुः , ईषुः
इयेषिथ , ईषथुः , ईष
इयेष , ईषिव , ईषिम

Reduplication for roots starting with a vowel i/u:
- insert -y/v- in guṇa,
- reduplicative sillable merges with root giving ī/ū in zero grade.

Question 14

√उष् (I ओषति)
‘to burn’

[perfect active]

Answer 14

उवोष , ऊषतुः , ऊषुः
उवोषिथ , ऊषथुः , ऊष
उवोष , ऊषिव , ऊषिम

Reduplication for roots starting with a vowel i/u:
- insert -y/v- in guṇa,
- reduplicative sillable merges with root giving ī/ū in zero grade.

Question 15

√यज् (I यजति)
‘to worship’

[perfect active]

Answer 15

इयाज , ईजतुः , ईजुः
इयष्ठ / इयजिथ , ईजथुः , ईज
इयाज / इयज , ईजिव , ईजिम

Reduplication for roots starting with a vowel i/u in zero grade (but cited in guṇa):
- insert -y/v- in guṇa,
- reduplicative sillable merges with root giving ī/ū in zero grade.

Roots that in guṇa contain -a- followed by just one consonant always appear in vṛddhi in the 3rd Sg, sometimes also in the 1st Sg.

Question 16

√यज् (I यजते)
‘to worship’

[perfect middle]

Answer 16

ईजे , ईजाते , ईजिरे
ईजिषे , ईजाथे , ईजिध्वे
ईजे , ईजिवहे , ईजिमहे

Reduplication for roots starting with a vowel i/u in zero grade (but cited in guṇa):
- reduplicative sillable merges with root giving ī/ū in zero grade.

Question 17

√वच् (II वक्ति)
‘to say’

[perfect active]

Answer 17

उवाच , ऊचतुः , ऊचुः
उवचिथ / उवक्थ , ऊचथुः , ऊच
उवाच / उवच , ऊचिव , ऊचिम

Reduplication for roots starting with a vowel i/u in zero grade (but cited in guṇa):
- insert -y/v- in guṇa,
- reduplicative sillable merges with root giving ī/ū in zero grade.

Roots that in guṇa contain -a- followed by just one consonant always appear in vṛddhi in the 3rd Sg, sometimes also in the 1st Sg.

Question 18

√हस् (I हसति)
‘to laugh’

[perfect active]

Answer 18

जहास , जहसतुः , जहसुः
जहसिथ , जहसथुः , जहस
जहास / जहस , जहसिव , जहसिम

Initial h is reduplicated as j.
Roots that in guṇa contain -a- followed by just one consonant always appear in vṛddhi in the 3rd Sg, sometimes also in the 1st Sg.

Question 19

√स्तु (II स्तौति)
‘to praise’

[perfect active]

Answer 19

तुष्टाव , तुष्टुवतुः , तुष्टुवुः
तुष्टोथ , तुष्टुवथुः , तुष्टुव
तुष्टाव / तुष्टव , तुष्टुव , तुष्टुम

Of initial consonant cluster s + stop, the stop reduplicates.
Verbs whose roots end in u/ū add -v- before endings that begin with a vowel
Roots that in guṇa contain -a- followed by just one consonant always appear in vṛddhi in the 3rd Sg, sometimes also in the 1st Sg.

Question 20

√श्रु (V शृणोति)
‘to hear’

[perfect active]

Answer 20

शुश्राव , शुश्रुवतुः , शुश्रुवुः
शुश्रोथ , शुश्रुवथुः , शुश्रुव
शुश्राव / शुश्रव , शुश्रुव , शुश्रुम

Verbs whose roots end in u/ū add -v- before endings that begin with a vowel.
Roots that in guṇa contain -a- followed by just one consonant always appear in vṛddhi in the 3rd Sg., sometimes also in the 1st Sg.

Question 21

√हु (III जुहोति)
‘to pour; to sacrifice to (+Acc)’

[perfect active]

Answer 21

जुहाव , जुहुवतुः , जुहुवुः
जुहोथ / जुहविथ , जुहुवथुः , जुहुव
जुहाव / जुहव , जुहुव / जुहविव , जुहुम / जुहविम

Verbs whose roots end in u/ū add -v- before endings that begin with a vowel.
Roots that in guṇa contain -a- followed by just one consonant always appear in vṛddhi in the 3rd Sg., sometimes also in the 1st Sg.

Question 22

√ऋच् (VI ऋचति)
‘to praise’

√अर्च् (I अर्चति)
‘to shine; to praise’

[perfect active]

Answer 22

आनर्च , आनृचतुः , आनृचुः
आनर्चिथ , आनृचथुः , आनृच
आनर्च , आनृचिव , आनृचिम

A small number of roots starting with vocalic ṛ- add ān- as reduplicative syllable.

Question 23

√अञ्ज् (VII अनक्ति)
‘to smear’

[perfect active]

Answer 23

आनञ्ज , आनञ्जतुः , आनञ्जुः
आनञ्जिथ , आनञ्जथुः , आनञ्ज
आनञ्ज , आनञ्जिव , आनञ्जिम

A small number of roots starting with a- before more than one consonant add ān- as reduplicative syllable.

Question 24

√पत् (I पतति)
‘to fall, fly’

[perfect active]

Answer 24

पपात , पेततुः , पेतुः / पप्तुः
पेतिथ / पपत्थ , पेतथुः , पेत
पपात / पपत , पेतिव , पेतिम / पप्तिम

Roots that in guṇa contain -a- followed by just one consonant always appear in vṛddhi in 3rd Sg, and sometimes also in the 1st Sg.
Roots that have 1) -a- as their guṇa vowel and 2) an initial consonant that reduplicates unchanged do not reduplicated in weak form but root vowel changes to -e-.

Question 25

√तप् (I तपति)
‘to heat; be hot’

[perfect active]

Answer 25

तताप , तेपतुः , तेपुः
तेपिथ / ततप्थ , तेपथुः , तेप
तताप / ततप , तेपिव , तेपिम

Roots that in guṇa contain -a- followed by just one consonant always appear in vṛddhi in 3rd Sg, and sometimes also in the 1st Sg.
Roots that have 1) -a- as their guṇa vowel and 2) an initial consonant that reduplicates unchanged do not reduplicated in weak form but root vowel changes to -e-.

Question 26

√नी (I नयति)
‘to lead’

[perfect active]

Answer 26

निनाय , निन्यतुः , निन्युः
निनेथ / निनयिथ , निन्यथुः , निन्य
निनाय / निनय , निन्यिव / निनयिव , निन्यिम / निनयिम

Verbs whose root ends in i/ī may add -y-, or the i/ī may change into -y- itself, even leading to -i- being inserted between stem and an ending that starts with a consonant.
Roots that in guṇa contain -a- followed by just one consonant always appear in vṛddhi in the 3rd Sg, sometimes also in the 1st Sg.

Question 27

√शी (II शेते)
‘to lie (down)’

[perfect middle]

Answer 27

शिश्ये , शिश्याते , शिश्यिरे
शिश्यिषे , शिश्याथे , शिश्यिध्वे
शिश्ये , शिश्यिवहे , शिश्यिमहे

Verbs whose root ends in i/ī may add -y-, or the i/ī may change into -y- itself, even leading to -i- being inserted between stem and an ending that starts with a consonant.
Roots that in guṇa contain -a- followed by just one consonant always appear in vṛddhi in the 3rd Sg, sometimes also in the 1st Sg.

Question 28

√नम् (I नमति)
‘to bow’

[perfect active]

Answer 28

ननाम , नेमतुः , नेमुः
नेमिथ / ननन्थ , नेमथुः , नेम
ननाम / ननम , नेमिव , नेमिम

Roots that in guṇa contain -a- followed by just one consonant always appear in vṛddhi in 3rd Sg, and sometimes also in the 1st Sg.
Roots that have 1) -a- as their guṇa vowel and 2) an initial consonant that reduplicates unchanged do not reduplicated in weak form but root vowel changes to -e-.
Nasals are prone to weakening in 2nd Sg.

Question 29

√सद् (I सीदति)
‘to sit’

[perfect active]

Answer 29

ससाद , सेदतुः / सीदतुः , सेदुः
सेदिथ / ससत्थ , सेदथुः , सेद
ससाद / ससद , सेदिव , सेदिम

Roots that in guṇa contain -a- followed by just one consonant always appear in vṛddhi in 3rd Sg, and sometimes also in the 1st Sg.
Roots that have 1) -a- as their guṇa vowel and 2) an initial consonant that reduplicates unchanged do not reduplicated in weak form but root vowel changes to -e-.

Question 30

√चर् (I चरति)
‘to move, to walk’

[perfect active]

Answer 30

चचार , चेरतुः , चेरुः
चेरिथ / चचर्थ , चेरथुः , चेर
चचार / चचर , चेरिव , चेरिम

Roots that in guṇa contain -a- followed by just one consonant always appear in vṛddhi in 3rd Sg, and sometimes also in the 1st Sg.
Roots that have 1) -a- as their guṇa vowel and 2) an initial consonant that reduplicates unchanged do not reduplicated in weak form but root vowel changes to -e-.

Question 31

√लभ् (I लभति epic)
‘to seize’

[perfect active]

Answer 31

ललाभ , लेभतुः , लेभुः
लेभिथ / ललब्ध , लेभथुः , लेभ
ललाभ / ललभ , लेभिव , लेभिम

Roots that in guṇa contain -a- followed by just one consonant always appear in vṛddhi in 3rd Sg, and sometimes also in the 1st Sg.
Roots that have 1) -a- as their guṇa vowel and 2) an initial consonant that reduplicates unchanged do not reduplicated in weak form but root vowel changes to -e-.

Question 32

√लभ् (I लभते)
‘to seize’

[perfect middle]

Answer 32

लेभे , लेभाते , लेभिरे
लेभिषे , लेभाथे , लेभिध्वे
लेभे , लेभिवहे , लेभिमहे

Roots that have 1) -a- as their guṇa vowel and 2) an initial consonant that reduplicates unchanged do not reduplicated in weak form but root vowel changes to -e-.

Question 33

√धा (III दधाति)
‘to place, put’

[perfect active]

Answer 33

दधौ , दधतुः , दधुः
दधिथ / दधाथ , दधथुः , दध
दधौ , दधिव , दधिम

Roots that contain vowel other than i/ī or u/ū have -a- as their reduplicative vowel.
Roots ending in -ā
- lose that -ā in their weak forms,
- the ending of 1st and 3rd Sg is -au.

Question 34

√दा (III ददाति)
‘to give’

[perfect active]

Answer 34

ददौ , ददतुः , ददुः
ददिथ / ददाथ , ददथुः , दद
ददौ , ददिव , ददिम

Roots that contain vowel other than i/ī or u/ū have -a- as their reduplicative vowel.
Roots ending in -ā
- lose that -ā in their weak forms,
- the ending of 1st and 3rd Sg is -au.

Question 35

√या (II याति)
‘to go’

[perfect active]

Answer 35

ययौ ययतुः ययुः
ययिथ / ययाथ , ययथुः , यय
ययौ ययिव ययिम

Roots that contain vowel other than i/ī or u/ū have -a- as their reduplicative vowel.
Roots ending in -ā
- lose that -ā in their weak forms,
- the ending of 1st and 3rd Sg is -au.

In √yā the semi-vowel y is regarded as consonant only (the root vowel is not i ).

Question 36

√स्था (I तिष्ठति)
‘to stand’

[perfect active]

Answer 36

तस्थौ , तस्थतुः , तस्थुः
तस्थिथ / तस्थाथ , तस्थथुः , तस्थ
तस्थौ , तस्थिव , तस्थिम

Of initial consonant cluster s + stop, the stop reduplicates.
Roots that contain vowel other than i/ī or u/ū have -a- as their reduplicative vowel.
Roots ending in -ā
- lose that -ā in their weak forms,
- the ending of 1st and 3rd Sg is -au.

Question 37

√ज्ञा (IX जानाति)
‘to know’

[perfect active]

Answer 37

जज्ञौ , जज्ञतुः , जज्ञुः
जज्ञिथ / जज्ञाथ , जज्ञथुः , जज्ञ
जज्ञौ , जज्ञिव , जज्ञिम

Of initial consonant cluster, only the first consonant is reduplicated.
Roots that contain vowel other than i/ī or u/ū have -a- as their reduplicative vowel.
Roots ending in -ā
- lose that -ā in their weak forms,
- the ending of 1st and 3rd Sg is -au.

Question 38

√गम् (I गच्छति)
‘to go’

[perfect active]

Answer 38

जगाम , जग्मतुः , जग्मुः
जगमिथ / जगन्थ , जग्मथुः , जग्म
जगाम / जगम , जग्मिव , जग्मिम

Velar consonants reduplicate as palatals.
Roots that in guṇa contain -a- followed by just one consonant always appear in vṛddhi in 3rd Sg, and sometimes also in the 1st Sg.
In the weak from of roots ending in a nasal, we find the regular zero grade without a before the vowels of the endings.
Nasals are prone to weakening in 2nd Sg.

Question 39

√त्यज् (I त्यजति)
‘to leave behind, abandon’

[perfect active]

Answer 39

तत्याज , तत्यजतुः , तत्यजुः
तत्यजिथ , तत्यजथुः , तत्यज
तत्याज / तत्यज , तत्यजिव , तत्यजिम

Roots that in guṇa contain -a- followed by just one consonant always appear in vṛddhi in 3rd Sg, and sometimes also in the 1st Sg.
A few roots show guṇa even in the weak stem.
(For this root we do not consider i as the root vowel but ty is the initial consonant cluster.
Thus, the reduplicative syllable is ta- and not ti.
In that situation, the stem syllable is impossible to put in zero grade ×tyj.
Since the initial consonant ty is changed to t in the reduplicative syllable, the rule that puts the root with e instead of reduplication in the weak stems, does not apply.)

Question 40

√स्वप् (II स्वपिति, I स्वपति)
‘to sleep’

[perfect active]

Answer 40

सुष्वाप , सुषुपतुः , सुषुपुः
सुष्वपिथ , सुषुपथुः , सुषुप
सुष्वाप / सुष्वप , सुषुपिव , सुषुपिम

Roots that in guṇa contain -a- followed by just one consonant always appear in vṛddhi in 3rd Sg, and sometimes also in the 1st Sg.

Question 41

√स्मृ (I स्मरति)
‘to remember’

[perfect active]

Answer 41

सस्मार , सस्मरतुः , सस्मरुः
सस्मरिथ , सस्मरथुः , सस्मर
सस्मार / सस्मर , सस्मरिव , सस्मरिम

Of initial consonant clusters, only the first consonant is reduplicated.
(Since m is no stop, it does not reduplicate instead of s.)
Roots that contain vowel other than i/ī or u/ū have -a- as their reduplicative vowel.
Roots that in guṇa contain -a- followed by just one consonant always appear in vṛddhi in 3rd Sg, and sometimes also in the 1st Sg.
A few roots show guṇa even in the weak stem.

Question 42

√भू (I भवति)
‘to be’

[perfect active]

Answer 42

बभूव , बभूवतुः , बभूवुः
बभूविथ / बभूथ , बभूवथुः , बभूव
बभूव , बभूविव , बभूविम

Stem babhūv- throughout the perfect paradigm.

Question 43

√अस् (II अस्ति)
‘to be’

[perfect active]

Answer 43

आस , आसतुः , आसुः
आसिथ , आसथुः , आस
आस , आसिव , आसिम

Stem ās- throughout the perfect paradigm.

Question 44

√विद् (II वेत्ति)
‘to know’

[perfect active]

Answer 44

वेद , वित्तुः , विदुः
वेत्थ , वित्थुः , विद
वेद , विद्व , विद्म

The root √vid does not have a reduplicative syllable. Employs consonant-sandhi instead of inserting -i-.
वेद looks like the noun, but it isn’t.

Question 45

√हन् (II हन्ति)
‘to kill’

[perfect active]

Answer 45

जघान , जघ्नतुः , जघ्नुः
जघन्थ / जघनिथ , जघ्नथुः , जघ्न
जघान / जघन , जघ्निव , जघ्निम

Behaves as √ghan throughout the perfect paradigm.
Velar consonants reduplicate as palatals.
Roots that in guṇa contain -a- followed by just one consonant always appear in vṛddhi in 3rd Sg, and sometimes also in the 1st Sg.
In the weak from of roots ending in a nasal, we find the regular zero grade without a before the vowels of the endings.
Nasals are prone to weakening in 2nd Sg.