Grammar Chapter 27 & 28 – Perfect Formation, Full Paradigms Flashcards
√विश् (I विशति)
‘to enter’
[perfect active]
विवेश , विविशतुः , विविशुः
विवेशिथ , विविशथुः , विविश
विवेश , विविशिव , विविशिम
Roots ending in a consonant insert -i- before endings that begin with a consonant.
√भुज् (VII भुनक्ति)
‘to enjoy’
[perfect active]
बुभोज , बुभुजतुः , बुभुजुः
बुभोजिथ , बुभुजथुः , बुभुज
बुभोज , बुभुजिव , बुभुजिम
Aspirated consonants reduplicate without aspiration.
Roots that contain i/ī or u/ū have -i- or -u- as their reduplicative vowel, respectively.
√कृ (VIII करोति)
‘to do, make’
[perfect active]
चकार , चक्रतुः , चक्रुः
चकर्थ , चक्रथुः , चक्र
चकार / चकर , चकृव , चकृम
Velar consonants reduplicate as palatals.
Roots that contain vowel other than i/ī or u/ū have -a- as their reduplicative vowel.
Root-final ṛ changes into r before endings that begin with a vowel.
√क्षिप् (VI क्षिपति)
‘to throw’
[perfect active]
चिक्षेप , चिक्षिपतुः , चिक्षिपुः
चिक्षेपिथ , चिक्षिपथुः , चिक्षिप
चिक्षेप , चिक्षिपिव , चिक्षिपिम
Of initial consonant clusters, only the first consonant is reduplicated.
Velar consonants reduplicate as palatals.
Roots that contain i/ī or u/ū have -i- or -u- as their reduplicative vowel, respectively.
√लिख् (VI लिखति)
‘to write’
[perfect active]
लिलेख , लिलिखतुः , लिलिखुः
लिलेखिथ , लिलिखथुः , लिलिख
लिलेख , लिलिखिव , लिलिखिम
Roots that contain i/ī or u/ū have -i- or -u- as their reduplicative vowel, respectively.
√युध् (I योधति)
‘to fight’
[perfect active]
युयोध , युयुधतुः , युयुधुः
युयोधिथ , युयुधथुः , युयुध
युयोध , युयुधिव , युयुधिम
Roots ending in a consonant insert -i- before endings that begin with a consonant.
Roots that contain i/ī or u/ū have -i- or -u- as their reduplicative vowel, respectively.
√दृश् (IV पश्यति)
‘to see’
[perfect active]
ददर्श , ददृशतुः , ददृशुः
ददर्शिथ , ददृशथुः , ददृश
ददर्श , ददृशिव , ददृशिम
Roots that contain vowel other than i/ī or u/ū have -a- as their reduplicative vowel.
√वृध् (वर्धति)
‘to grow’
[perfect active]
ववर्ध , ववृधतुः , ववृधुः
ववर्धिथ , ववृधथुः , ववृध
ववर्ध , ववृधिव , ववृधिम
Roots that contain vowel other than i/ī or u/ū have -a- as their reduplicative vowel.
√विश् (I विशते)
‘to enter’
[perfect middle]
विविशे , विविशाते , विविशिरे
विविशिषे , विविशाथे , विविशिध्वे
विविशे , विविशिवहे , विविशिमहे
Roots ending in a consonant insert -i- before endings that begin with a consonant.
√वृध् (वर्धते)
‘to grow, thrive’
[perfect middle]
ववृधे , ववृधाते , ववृधिरे
ववृधिषे , ववृधाथे , ववृधिध्वे
ववृधे , ववृधिवहे , ववृधिमहे
Roots that contain vowel other than i/ī or u/ū have -a- as their reduplicative vowel.
√स्तु (II स्तुते)
‘to praise’
[perfect middle]
तुष्टुवे , तुष्टुवाते , तुष्टुविरे
तुष्टुषे , तुष्टुवाथे , तुष्टुध्वे
तुष्टुवे , तुष्टुवहे , तुष्टुमहे
verbs
Of initial consonant cluster s + stop, the stop reduplicates.
Verbs whose roots end in u/ū add -v- before endings that begin with a vowel.
√युध् (I योधते)
‘to fight’
[perfect middle]
युयुधे , युयुधाते , युयुधिरे
युयुधिषे , युयुधाथे , युयुधिध्वे
युयुधे , युयुधिवहे , युयुधिमहे
Roots ending in a consonant insert -i- before endings that begin with a consonant.
Roots that contain i/ī or u/ū have -i- or -u- as their reduplicative vowel, respectively.
√इष् (VI irreg. इच्छति)
‘to want’
[perfect active]
इयेष , ईषतुः , ईषुः
इयेषिथ , ईषथुः , ईष
इयेष , ईषिव , ईषिम
Reduplication for roots starting with a vowel i/u:
- insert -y/v- in guṇa,
- reduplicative sillable merges with root giving ī/ū in zero grade.
√उष् (I ओषति)
‘to burn’
[perfect active]
उवोष , ऊषतुः , ऊषुः
उवोषिथ , ऊषथुः , ऊष
उवोष , ऊषिव , ऊषिम
Reduplication for roots starting with a vowel i/u:
- insert -y/v- in guṇa,
- reduplicative sillable merges with root giving ī/ū in zero grade.
√यज् (I यजति)
‘to worship’
[perfect active]
इयाज , ईजतुः , ईजुः
इयष्ठ / इयजिथ , ईजथुः , ईज
इयाज / इयज , ईजिव , ईजिम
Reduplication for roots starting with a vowel i/u in zero grade (but cited in guṇa):
- insert -y/v- in guṇa,
- reduplicative sillable merges with root giving ī/ū in zero grade.
Roots that in guṇa contain -a- followed by just one consonant always appear in vṛddhi in the 3rd Sg, sometimes also in the 1st Sg.
√यज् (I यजते)
‘to worship’
[perfect middle]
ईजे , ईजाते , ईजिरे
ईजिषे , ईजाथे , ईजिध्वे
ईजे , ईजिवहे , ईजिमहे
Reduplication for roots starting with a vowel i/u in zero grade (but cited in guṇa):
- reduplicative sillable merges with root giving ī/ū in zero grade.
√वच् (II वक्ति)
‘to say’
[perfect active]
उवाच , ऊचतुः , ऊचुः
उवचिथ / उवक्थ , ऊचथुः , ऊच
उवाच / उवच , ऊचिव , ऊचिम
Reduplication for roots starting with a vowel i/u in zero grade (but cited in guṇa):
- insert -y/v- in guṇa,
- reduplicative sillable merges with root giving ī/ū in zero grade.
Roots that in guṇa contain -a- followed by just one consonant always appear in vṛddhi in the 3rd Sg, sometimes also in the 1st Sg.
√हस् (I हसति)
‘to laugh’
[perfect active]
जहास , जहसतुः , जहसुः
जहसिथ , जहसथुः , जहस
जहास / जहस , जहसिव , जहसिम
Initial h is reduplicated as j.
Roots that in guṇa contain -a- followed by just one consonant always appear in vṛddhi in the 3rd Sg, sometimes also in the 1st Sg.
√स्तु (II स्तौति)
‘to praise’
[perfect active]
तुष्टाव , तुष्टुवतुः , तुष्टुवुः
तुष्टोथ , तुष्टुवथुः , तुष्टुव
तुष्टाव / तुष्टव , तुष्टुव , तुष्टुम
Of initial consonant cluster s + stop, the stop reduplicates.
Verbs whose roots end in u/ū add -v- before endings that begin with a vowel
Roots that in guṇa contain -a- followed by just one consonant always appear in vṛddhi in the 3rd Sg, sometimes also in the 1st Sg.
√श्रु (V शृणोति)
‘to hear’
[perfect active]
शुश्राव , शुश्रुवतुः , शुश्रुवुः
शुश्रोथ , शुश्रुवथुः , शुश्रुव
शुश्राव / शुश्रव , शुश्रुव , शुश्रुम
Verbs whose roots end in u/ū add -v- before endings that begin with a vowel.
Roots that in guṇa contain -a- followed by just one consonant always appear in vṛddhi in the 3rd Sg., sometimes also in the 1st Sg.
√हु (III जुहोति)
‘to pour; to sacrifice to (+Acc)’
[perfect active]
जुहाव , जुहुवतुः , जुहुवुः
जुहोथ / जुहविथ , जुहुवथुः , जुहुव
जुहाव / जुहव , जुहुव / जुहविव , जुहुम / जुहविम
Verbs whose roots end in u/ū add -v- before endings that begin with a vowel.
Roots that in guṇa contain -a- followed by just one consonant always appear in vṛddhi in the 3rd Sg., sometimes also in the 1st Sg.
√ऋच् (VI ऋचति)
‘to praise’
√अर्च् (I अर्चति)
‘to shine; to praise’
[perfect active]
आनर्च , आनृचतुः , आनृचुः
आनर्चिथ , आनृचथुः , आनृच
आनर्च , आनृचिव , आनृचिम
A small number of roots starting with vocalic ṛ- add ān- as reduplicative syllable.
√अञ्ज् (VII अनक्ति)
‘to smear’
[perfect active]
आनञ्ज , आनञ्जतुः , आनञ्जुः
आनञ्जिथ , आनञ्जथुः , आनञ्ज
आनञ्ज , आनञ्जिव , आनञ्जिम
A small number of roots starting with a- before more than one consonant add ān- as reduplicative syllable.
√पत् (I पतति)
‘to fall, fly’
[perfect active]
पपात , पेततुः , पेतुः / पप्तुः
पेतिथ / पपत्थ , पेतथुः , पेत
पपात / पपत , पेतिव , पेतिम / पप्तिम
Roots that in guṇa contain -a- followed by just one consonant always appear in vṛddhi in 3rd Sg, and sometimes also in the 1st Sg.
Roots that have 1) -a- as their guṇa vowel and 2) an initial consonant that reduplicates unchanged do not reduplicated in weak form but root vowel changes to -e-.
√तप् (I तपति)
‘to heat; be hot’
[perfect active]
तताप , तेपतुः , तेपुः
तेपिथ / ततप्थ , तेपथुः , तेप
तताप / ततप , तेपिव , तेपिम
Roots that in guṇa contain -a- followed by just one consonant always appear in vṛddhi in 3rd Sg, and sometimes also in the 1st Sg.
Roots that have 1) -a- as their guṇa vowel and 2) an initial consonant that reduplicates unchanged do not reduplicated in weak form but root vowel changes to -e-.
√नी (I नयति)
‘to lead’
[perfect active]
निनाय , निन्यतुः , निन्युः
निनेथ / निनयिथ , निन्यथुः , निन्य
निनाय / निनय , निन्यिव / निनयिव , निन्यिम / निनयिम
Verbs whose root ends in i/ī may add -y-, or the i/ī may change into -y- itself, even leading to -i- being inserted between stem and an ending that starts with a consonant.
Roots that in guṇa contain -a- followed by just one consonant always appear in vṛddhi in the 3rd Sg, sometimes also in the 1st Sg.
√शी (II शेते)
‘to lie (down)’
[perfect middle]
शिश्ये , शिश्याते , शिश्यिरे
शिश्यिषे , शिश्याथे , शिश्यिध्वे
शिश्ये , शिश्यिवहे , शिश्यिमहे
Verbs whose root ends in i/ī may add -y-, or the i/ī may change into -y- itself, even leading to -i- being inserted between stem and an ending that starts with a consonant.
Roots that in guṇa contain -a- followed by just one consonant always appear in vṛddhi in the 3rd Sg, sometimes also in the 1st Sg.
√नम् (I नमति)
‘to bow’
[perfect active]
ननाम , नेमतुः , नेमुः
नेमिथ / ननन्थ , नेमथुः , नेम
ननाम / ननम , नेमिव , नेमिम
Roots that in guṇa contain -a- followed by just one consonant always appear in vṛddhi in 3rd Sg, and sometimes also in the 1st Sg.
Roots that have 1) -a- as their guṇa vowel and 2) an initial consonant that reduplicates unchanged do not reduplicated in weak form but root vowel changes to -e-.
Nasals are prone to weakening in 2nd Sg.
√सद् (I सीदति)
‘to sit’
[perfect active]
ससाद , सेदतुः / सीदतुः , सेदुः
सेदिथ / ससत्थ , सेदथुः , सेद
ससाद / ससद , सेदिव , सेदिम
Roots that in guṇa contain -a- followed by just one consonant always appear in vṛddhi in 3rd Sg, and sometimes also in the 1st Sg.
Roots that have 1) -a- as their guṇa vowel and 2) an initial consonant that reduplicates unchanged do not reduplicated in weak form but root vowel changes to -e-.
√चर् (I चरति)
‘to move, to walk’
[perfect active]
चचार , चेरतुः , चेरुः
चेरिथ / चचर्थ , चेरथुः , चेर
चचार / चचर , चेरिव , चेरिम
Roots that in guṇa contain -a- followed by just one consonant always appear in vṛddhi in 3rd Sg, and sometimes also in the 1st Sg.
Roots that have 1) -a- as their guṇa vowel and 2) an initial consonant that reduplicates unchanged do not reduplicated in weak form but root vowel changes to -e-.
√लभ् (I लभति epic)
‘to seize’
[perfect active]
ललाभ , लेभतुः , लेभुः
लेभिथ / ललब्ध , लेभथुः , लेभ
ललाभ / ललभ , लेभिव , लेभिम
Roots that in guṇa contain -a- followed by just one consonant always appear in vṛddhi in 3rd Sg, and sometimes also in the 1st Sg.
Roots that have 1) -a- as their guṇa vowel and 2) an initial consonant that reduplicates unchanged do not reduplicated in weak form but root vowel changes to -e-.
√लभ् (I लभते)
‘to seize’
[perfect middle]
लेभे , लेभाते , लेभिरे
लेभिषे , लेभाथे , लेभिध्वे
लेभे , लेभिवहे , लेभिमहे
Roots that have 1) -a- as their guṇa vowel and 2) an initial consonant that reduplicates unchanged do not reduplicated in weak form but root vowel changes to -e-.
√धा (III दधाति)
‘to place, put’
[perfect active]
दधौ , दधतुः , दधुः
दधिथ / दधाथ , दधथुः , दध
दधौ , दधिव , दधिम
Roots that contain vowel other than i/ī or u/ū have -a- as their reduplicative vowel.
Roots ending in -ā
- lose that -ā in their weak forms,
- the ending of 1st and 3rd Sg is -au.
√दा (III ददाति)
‘to give’
[perfect active]
ददौ , ददतुः , ददुः
ददिथ / ददाथ , ददथुः , दद
ददौ , ददिव , ददिम
Roots that contain vowel other than i/ī or u/ū have -a- as their reduplicative vowel.
Roots ending in -ā
- lose that -ā in their weak forms,
- the ending of 1st and 3rd Sg is -au.
√या (II याति)
‘to go’
[perfect active]
ययौ ययतुः ययुः
ययिथ / ययाथ , ययथुः , यय
ययौ ययिव ययिम
Roots that contain vowel other than i/ī or u/ū have -a- as their reduplicative vowel.
Roots ending in -ā
- lose that -ā in their weak forms,
- the ending of 1st and 3rd Sg is -au.
In √yā the semi-vowel y is regarded as consonant only (the root vowel is not i ).
√स्था (I तिष्ठति)
‘to stand’
[perfect active]
तस्थौ , तस्थतुः , तस्थुः
तस्थिथ / तस्थाथ , तस्थथुः , तस्थ
तस्थौ , तस्थिव , तस्थिम
Of initial consonant cluster s + stop, the stop reduplicates.
Roots that contain vowel other than i/ī or u/ū have -a- as their reduplicative vowel.
Roots ending in -ā
- lose that -ā in their weak forms,
- the ending of 1st and 3rd Sg is -au.
√ज्ञा (IX जानाति)
‘to know’
[perfect active]
जज्ञौ , जज्ञतुः , जज्ञुः
जज्ञिथ / जज्ञाथ , जज्ञथुः , जज्ञ
जज्ञौ , जज्ञिव , जज्ञिम
Of initial consonant cluster, only the first consonant is reduplicated.
Roots that contain vowel other than i/ī or u/ū have -a- as their reduplicative vowel.
Roots ending in -ā
- lose that -ā in their weak forms,
- the ending of 1st and 3rd Sg is -au.
√गम् (I गच्छति)
‘to go’
[perfect active]
जगाम , जग्मतुः , जग्मुः
जगमिथ / जगन्थ , जग्मथुः , जग्म
जगाम / जगम , जग्मिव , जग्मिम
Velar consonants reduplicate as palatals.
Roots that in guṇa contain -a- followed by just one consonant always appear in vṛddhi in 3rd Sg, and sometimes also in the 1st Sg.
In the weak from of roots ending in a nasal, we find the regular zero grade without a before the vowels of the endings.
Nasals are prone to weakening in 2nd Sg.
√त्यज् (I त्यजति)
‘to leave behind, abandon’
[perfect active]
तत्याज , तत्यजतुः , तत्यजुः
तत्यजिथ , तत्यजथुः , तत्यज
तत्याज / तत्यज , तत्यजिव , तत्यजिम
Roots that in guṇa contain -a- followed by just one consonant always appear in vṛddhi in 3rd Sg, and sometimes also in the 1st Sg.
A few roots show guṇa even in the weak stem.
(For this root we do not consider i as the root vowel but ty is the initial consonant cluster.
Thus, the reduplicative syllable is ta- and not ti.
In that situation, the stem syllable is impossible to put in zero grade ×tyj.
Since the initial consonant ty is changed to t in the reduplicative syllable, the rule that puts the root with e instead of reduplication in the weak stems, does not apply.)
√स्वप् (II स्वपिति, I स्वपति)
‘to sleep’
[perfect active]
सुष्वाप , सुषुपतुः , सुषुपुः
सुष्वपिथ , सुषुपथुः , सुषुप
सुष्वाप / सुष्वप , सुषुपिव , सुषुपिम
Roots that in guṇa contain -a- followed by just one consonant always appear in vṛddhi in 3rd Sg, and sometimes also in the 1st Sg.
√स्मृ (I स्मरति)
‘to remember’
[perfect active]
सस्मार , सस्मरतुः , सस्मरुः
सस्मरिथ , सस्मरथुः , सस्मर
सस्मार / सस्मर , सस्मरिव , सस्मरिम
Of initial consonant clusters, only the first consonant is reduplicated.
(Since m is no stop, it does not reduplicate instead of s.)
Roots that contain vowel other than i/ī or u/ū have -a- as their reduplicative vowel.
Roots that in guṇa contain -a- followed by just one consonant always appear in vṛddhi in 3rd Sg, and sometimes also in the 1st Sg.
A few roots show guṇa even in the weak stem.
√भू (I भवति)
‘to be’
[perfect active]
बभूव , बभूवतुः , बभूवुः
बभूविथ / बभूथ , बभूवथुः , बभूव
बभूव , बभूविव , बभूविम
Stem babhūv- throughout the perfect paradigm.
√अस् (II अस्ति)
‘to be’
[perfect active]
आस , आसतुः , आसुः
आसिथ , आसथुः , आस
आस , आसिव , आसिम
Stem ās- throughout the perfect paradigm.
√विद् (II वेत्ति)
‘to know’
[perfect active]
वेद , वित्तुः , विदुः
वेत्थ , वित्थुः , विद
वेद , विद्व , विद्म
The root √vid does not have a reduplicative syllable. Employs consonant-sandhi instead of inserting -i-.
वेद looks like the noun, but it isn’t.
√हन् (II हन्ति)
‘to kill’
[perfect active]
जघान , जघ्नतुः , जघ्नुः
जघन्थ / जघनिथ , जघ्नथुः , जघ्न
जघान / जघन , जघ्निव , जघ्निम
Behaves as √ghan throughout the perfect paradigm.
Velar consonants reduplicate as palatals.
Roots that in guṇa contain -a- followed by just one consonant always appear in vṛddhi in 3rd Sg, and sometimes also in the 1st Sg.
In the weak from of roots ending in a nasal, we find the regular zero grade without a before the vowels of the endings.
Nasals are prone to weakening in 2nd Sg.
