gram positive bacteria

Question 1

what are the two main categories of gram positive bacteria?

Answer 1

Cocci and bacilli

Question 2

How can bacilli be further categorised?

Answer 2

Aerobic and anaerobic

Question 3

How can aerobic bacilli be further categorised?

Answer 3

spore forming, or non spore forming

Question 4

are anaerobic bacilli spore forming or non spore forming?

Answer 4

Spore forming

Question 5

how can cocci be further categorised?

Answer 5

Staphylococci

streptococci

Question 6

what is the appearance of staphylococci and streptococci?

Answer 6

Staphylococci - clusters

Streptococci - chains

Question 7

How can staphylococci be further categorised?

Answer 7

coagulase test - positive or negative

Question 8

How can streptococci be further categorised?

Answer 8

haemolysis - partial - a
complete - b
none

Question 9

how do partial and complete haemolysis affect blood agar?

Answer 9

partial - turns green

complete - turns clear

Question 10

How can Streptococci - complete haemolysis be further categorised?

Answer 10

They can be grouped by lance field grouping - which is based on surface antigens.

Question 11

Name two spore forming, bacilli, aerobic positive bacteria.

Answer 11

listeria monocytogenes

Corynebacterium diphtheria

Question 12

what species are non spore forming, aerobic bacilli?

Answer 12

Bacillus species

Question 13

what species are ANaerobic, and spore forming?

Answer 13

clostridium species

Question 14

name three bacteria within clostridium species

Answer 14

clostridium difficile
clostridium perfringens
clostridium tetani

Question 15

What does clostridium tetani cause?

Answer 15

tetanus - uncontrollable muscle spasms

Question 16

where is clostridium perfringens found as a normal commensal, and where else is it found?

Answer 16

commensal in human and animal gut and faeces.

also found in soil

Question 17

what can clostridium difficile cause?

Answer 17

dihorea associated with toxin production.

can be carried asymptomatically

Question 18

what can clostridium perfringens cause?

Answer 18

food poisoning or ‘gas gangrene’ in wounds

Question 19

When are you at an increased risk of developing clostridium difficile?

Answer 19

when your taking antibiotics.

Question 20

How can clostridium difficile be detected?

Answer 20

in a Stool sample using ELISA

Question 21

What bacteria tests positive from the coagulase test?

Answer 21

Staphylococcus aureas

Question 22

Name two bacteria which test negative from coagulase test?

Answer 22

staph. epidermis

staph. saprophyticus

Question 23

where are the two negative coagulase bacteria found as commensals?

Answer 23

skin

Question 24

when are staph. epidermis and staph. saprophyticus pathogenic?

Answer 24

In the presence of foreign bodies. e.g. heart valves / hip replacements

Question 25

staphylococcus aureas can be MSSA or MRSA. what does this mean?

Answer 25

can be methicillin resistant or methicillin sensitive.

the resistant one is a problem for infection control in hospitals.

Question 26

Why can staphylococcus aureas be penicillin resistant?

Answer 26

due to B - lactamase

Question 27

Where is staphylococcus aureas a commensal and what does it do when its pathogenic?

Answer 27

commensal in nose, groin, hairline.

causes lots of diseases, from boils to septicaemia.

Question 28

what bacteria turns blood agar green?

Answer 28

viridans streptococci

strep. pneumoniae

Question 29

what does viridans streptococci cause and where does it occur commensally?

Answer 29

infection of heart valves (endocarditis)

normal oral fauna

Question 30

what does strep. pneumoniae cause?

Answer 30

septicaemia, pneumonia, meningitis

Question 31

name a bacteria in group B lance fielding group. a haemolysis streptococci.

Answer 31

Streptococcus agalactiae.

Question 32

what does streptococcus agalactiae cause?

Answer 32

Neonatal sepsis - meningitis, bacteraemia.

it is carried in the genital tract.

Question 33

Name A group a lance field group bacteria

Answer 33

strep. pyogenes.

Question 34

What does strep pyogenes cause?

Answer 34

Sore throat, cellulitis, necrotising fasciitis.

Question 35

Non - haemolytic streptococci are group D. Name a species

Answer 35

Enterococcus sp.

Question 36

Name 2 types of enterococcus species.

Answer 36

Enterococcus faecalis

Enterococcus faecium

Question 37

Where are enterococcus species found and what harm do they cause?

Answer 37

found in gut

cause UTIS