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P O D Taz > Acute Inflammation 1 > Flashcards

Acute Inflammation 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Name 6 causes of acute inflammation.

A

1) Pathogen
2) Mechanical - trauma or injury
3) chemical - upset Ph etc.
4) Physical - eg. extreme conditions
5) cell necrosis
6) hypersensitivity

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2
Q

What localises the acute inflammation process?

A

Plasma proteins

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3
Q

Is the response rapid, or slow?

A

Rapid

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4
Q

What helps protect the site?

A

Cardinal signs and loss of function.

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5
Q

How are neutrophils and macrophages involved in acute inflammation?

A

Neutrophils destroy pathogens and denature antigens. Macrophages clear debris, and display the antigens.

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6
Q

What are local effects of acute inflammation?

A

Redness, pain, swelling, heat, loss of function

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7
Q

What is another word for swelling

A

tumor

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8
Q

What does rubor mean?

A

redness

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9
Q

What does calor mean?

A

heat

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10
Q

What does dolar mean?

A

pain

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11
Q

What is exudate?

A

Fluid rich in proteins, plasma, immunoglobins, fibrinogen, neutrophils.

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12
Q

Due to acute inflammation, the vessel’s radius flow changes. This causes the permeability of the vessel wall to change. What then leaks out of the vessel to the extravascular space?

A

Exudate - causes oedema

Neutrophils too!

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13
Q

During acute inflammation, the first of a sequence is the arteriole constricts quickly. (transient arteriolar constriction). What happens after this?

A

2) Local arteriolar dilation. (arterioles widen)
3) Smooth muscle relaxes

This increases local tissue blood flow.

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14
Q

If there is less fluid in the vessel, this means that there is an increased viscosity (thickness) within the vessel…what does this lead too.

A

Increased viscosity
Changes in flow
Causes neutrophils to go to the outside edge of the vessel - margination
They then leave the vessel emigration.

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15
Q

Where does the process of acute inflammation occur?

A

In the microcirculation.

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16
Q

What is the microcirculation?

A

The capillaries - between the venules and the arterioles. Also the extracellular space around these, and the lympathic channels.

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17
Q

what is normal laminar flow like?

A

WBCs surrounded by RBCs.

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18
Q

What is pavementing?

A

Neutrophils adhering to the endothelium .

19
Q

what are the immediate systematic effects of acute inflammation?

A

Pyrexia - raised temperature
Malaise, nausea, (abdominal pain and vomiting in children)
Neutrophilia - raised WBC count

20
Q

What can be some long term effects of acute inflammation?

A

regional lymph node enlargement
weight loss
Anaemia

21
Q

what can be some complications of acute inflammation?

A

chronic inflammation
Granulation tissue
Scar formations

22
Q

Where may mediators of acute inflammation be found?

A

released from cells
in plasma
on endothelial cell surfaces

23
Q

name a cell surface mediator and say what it does.

A

ICAM 1 - helps neutrophils stick

24
Q

Histamine is a mediator released from the cell. What does it do?

A

vasodilation, increased permeability

25
Q

Serotonin is a mediator released from a cell. What does it do?

A

vasoconstriction

26
Q

What do prostaglandins do?

A

Promote histamines effects, inhibit inflammation

27
Q

What do leukotrienes do?

A

they are vasoactive - they increase vessel permeability and dilate smooth muscles

28
Q

what does omega - 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids do?

A

decrease prostaglandins

29
Q

what is PAF and what does it do?

A

platelet activating factor. reduces permeability, enhances platelets

30
Q

What do cytokines and chemokines do?

A

attract inflammatory cells

31
Q

give some examples of oxygen free radicals and say what they do

A

H2 O2 OH -

Amplify other mediators effects

32
Q

What does nitric oxide do?

A

Regulates smooth muscle, anti-platelet

33
Q

In plasma, what do blood coagulation pathways do?

A

clot fibrinogen in exudate

34
Q

in plasma, what does fibrinolysis do?

A

breaks down fibrin to produce vasoactive products. Helps maintain the blood supply.

35
Q

in plasma, what does bradykinin do?

A

pain

36
Q

in plasma, what does complement activation do?

A

ties the inflammatory response with the immune response. stimulates phagocytosis and chemotaxis etc.

37
Q

How can acute inflammation alter the detriment of the patient

A

could spread to blood stream - sepsis
bacteraemia
septicaemia
toxaemia

could cause toxic shock syndrome.

38
Q

What would inflammation of the meninges be called? (think - any structure = itis)

A

meningitis

39
Q

what is infection of the lungs called?

A

pneumonia

40
Q

what is infection of the plural cavity called?

A

pleurisy

41
Q

describe the pathway of a neutrophil.

A

neutrophil - mobile phagocyte

neutrophil -> chemotaxis -> adhere -> release granules -> kills cell -> neutrophil dies -> produces pus

42
Q

what is an abscess?

A

a collection of pus (suppuration) under pressure from internal

43
Q

what is a multilocated abscess?

A

when the pus bursts through the abscess inside and forms new cavities

P O D Taz (47 decks)

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