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P O D Taz > Antimicrobial Chemotherapy - Mechanisms of Antibiotics > Flashcards

Antimicrobial Chemotherapy - Mechanisms of Antibiotics Flashcards

1
Q

What is a bactericidal? And give an example

A

An antimicrobial that kills bacteria - e.g. Penicillin

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2
Q

What is a bacteriostatic? Give an example too

A

An antimicrobial that inhibits the growth of bacteria - erythromycin.

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3
Q

What makes an organism be considered sensitive?

A

if is it inhibited or killed by levels of the antimicrobial that are available at the site of infection

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4
Q

Why would an organism be considered resistant?

A

If the organism is not killed or inhibited by levels of antimicrobial available at the site of infection.

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5
Q

What is MIC?

A

Minimal inhibition concentration - the minimal conc of antimicrobial needed to inhibit visible growth of given organism.

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6
Q

What is MBC?

A

Minimal bacterial concentration - minimum conc of antimicrobial needed to kill a given organism .

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7
Q

What is a topical route of administration?

A

Applied to surface - skin or mucous membrane (e.g. Conjunctiva)

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8
Q

What is systematic administration?

A

Taken internally, orally or parentally

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9
Q

What is parental administration?

A

Administered either intravenously or intramuscularly- sometimes subcutaneously

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10
Q

What three mechanisms may antimicrobials kill bacteria by?

A

1) inhibition of cell wall synthesis
2) inhibition of protein synthesis
3) inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis

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11
Q

Name two b-lactams.

A

Penicillin and cephalosporin

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12
Q

What is targeted by b-lactams ?

A

Penicillin binding proteins - the enzymes required for cross linking carbohydrates to form peptidoglycan

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13
Q

After b-lactams do their bit, what kills the organism in the end?

A

Autolytic enzyme

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14
Q

Why don’t b-lactams affect humans

A

Humans cells don’t have cell walls

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15
Q

Why does benzyl penicillin, a naturally occurring antimicrobial, not kill gram negative organisms ?

A

Can’t get through their wall due to low permeability

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16
Q

Name two glycopeptides .

A

Vancomycin and teicoplanin

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17
Q

When do glycopeptides act when inhibiting the synthesis of the cell wall?

A

They act before b-lactams - they inhibit the assembley of peptidoglycan precursors

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18
Q

Do glycopeptides affect gram positive or gram negative bacteria?

A

Gram postive only - can’t get through the gram negative wall.

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19
Q

How are peptidoglycans administered?

A

Not orally as they are not absorbed by the GI tract, but are given parentally

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20
Q

Why must the IV for vancomycin be administered slowly over several hours?

A

It is toxic - may cause local tissue damage, oxotoxicity, nephrotoxicity and skin rashes

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21
Q

How can inhibition of protein synthesis undergo selective action?

A

Protein synthesis involves translation in ribosomes. But there is a difference in bacterial ribosomes and mamillion ribosomes

22
Q

Name a aminoglycoside drug. (Targets protein synthesis)

A

Gentamicin

23
Q

Name two macrolide drugs

A

Erthromycine and clarithromycin

24
Q

What do macrolides and tetracyclines do?

A

Inhibit protein synthesis

25
Q

When would macrolides be used?

A

To target gram positive bacteria- when people have penicillin allergies.

But 10% or more of staph.aureas, strep. Pyogenes and strep.pnuenomia are resistant.

26
Q

What is good about the newer macrolide , and what is the newer macrolide?

A

Clarithromycin . It has a lower MIC for things such as haemophilus influenza

27
Q

Oxazolidinones are also involved in inhibition of protein synthesis. Name one, and how is it administered?

A

LineZolid - orally

28
Q

Cyclin lipopeptides are also involved in the inhibition of protein synthesis. Name one, and state what bacteria it works best on.

A

Daptomycin. Works well against gram positive bacteria.

29
Q

What do both linezolid and daptomycin work well against.

A

MRSA - so are held in stock for serious infections.

30
Q

Trimethoprim and sulphamethoxozole both inhibit nucleic acid synthesis - by inhibiting Purine synthesis. What are they called when they are used together ?

A

Co-trimoxazole.

31
Q

Co-trimoxazole was stop used for a bit because it had bad side effects. But what can it be used to treat, and why is it used more now?

A

Chest infections - less likely to cause clostridium difficile infection.

32
Q

What is trimethoprim used on its own to treat?

A

UTIS

33
Q

Fluroquinones inhibit DNA synthesis directly. Name one , and say how it is administered.

A

Ciprofloxacin

34
Q

What does ciprofloxacin work well against?

A

Gram negative organisms such as pseudomas

35
Q

Why can ciprofloxacin not be used in children?

A

It interferes with cartilage growth.

36
Q

What is the new type of fluroquinone called, and what is it used to treat?

A

Leroflaxin - good against gram positive bacteria and used to treat chest infections

37
Q

How can inhibition of protein synthesis undergo selective action?

A

Protein synthesis involves translation in ribosomes. But there is a difference in bacterial ribosomes and mamillion ribosomes

38
Q

Name a aminoglycoside drug. (Targets protein synthesis)

A

Gentamicin

39
Q

Name two macrolide drugs

A

Erthromycine and clarithromycin

40
Q

What do macrolides and tetracyclines do?

A

Inhibit protein synthesis

41
Q

When would macrolides be used?

A

To target gram positive bacteria- when people have penicillin allergies.

But 10% or more of staph.aureas, strep. Pyogenes and strep.pnuenomia are resistant.

42
Q

What is good about the newer macrolide , and what is the newer macrolide?

A

Clarithromycin . It has a lower MIC for things such as haemophilus influenza

43
Q

Oxazolidinones are also involved in inhibition of protein synthesis. Name one, and how is it administered?

A

LineZolid - orally

44
Q

Cyclin lipopeptides are also involved in the inhibition of protein synthesis. Name one, and state what bacteria it works best on.

A

Daptomycin. Works well against gram positive bacteria.

45
Q

What do both linezolid and daptomycin work well against.

A

MRSA - so are held in stock for serious infections.

46
Q

Trimethoprim and sulphamethoxozole both inhibit nucleic acid synthesis - by inhibiting Purine synthesis. What are they called when they are used together ?

A

Co-trimoxazole.

47
Q

Co-trimoxazole was stop used for a bit because it had bad side effects. But what can it be used to treat, and why is it used more now?

A

Chest infections - less likely to cause clostridium difficile infection.

48
Q

What is trimethoprim used on its own to treat?

A

UTIS

49
Q

Fluroquinones inhibit DNA synthesis directly. Name one , and say how it is administered.

A

Ciprofloxacin

50
Q

What does ciprofloxacin work well against?

A

Gram negative organisms such as pseudomas

51
Q

Why can ciprofloxacin not be used in children?

A

It interferes with cartilage growth.

52
Q

What is the new type of fluroquinone called, and what is it used to treat?

A

Leroflaxin - good against gram positive bacteria and used to treat chest infections

P O D Taz (47 decks)

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