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Some other class > Globat Studies I - Tri 1 > Flashcards

Globat Studies I - Tri 1 Flashcards

1
Q

characteristics of a civilization

A

an urban focus, an economy, and political and military structures

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2
Q

Paleolithic Age

A

Old Stone Age

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3
Q

Characteristics of Old Stone Age

A

nomadic peoples

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4
Q

Neolithic age

A

New stone Age

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5
Q

characteristics of Neolithic Age

A

agriculture

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6
Q

results of agriculture

A

regular supply of food, livestock, greater control over environment, expansion of population

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7
Q

bureaucracy

A

a system of government in which most of the important decisions are made by officials rather than by elected representatives

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8
Q

homo sapiens

A

wise human beings

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9
Q

Mesolithic Age

A

Middle Stone Age, transition from hunter-gather to food production

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10
Q

patriarchy

A

society dominated by man

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11
Q

neanderthals

A

‘form of human’ went extinct

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12
Q

hominids

A

‘southern apeman’, earliest human like creatures

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13
Q

Mesopotamia meaning

A

land between the rivers (Euphrates River and Tigris River)

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14
Q

Sumerians

A

first Mesopotamian civilization cites throughout the Fertile Crescent

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15
Q

Theocracy

A

government by a divine authority

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16
Q

Akkadians

A

conquered Sumer, became first Mesopotamian Empire

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17
Q

Sargon

A

leader of the Akkadians

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18
Q

Hammurabi

A

rose to power over the Akkadians using bronze weapons

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19
Q

Code of Hammurabi

A

code of law, “eye for an eye” principle

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20
Q

ziggurat

A

temple, massive mudbrick structures

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21
Q

divination

A

attempts to understand the intentions of the gods

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22
Q

cuneiform

A

wedge shaped writing

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23
Q

Ashurbanipal

A

strong Assyrian leader who overextended Assyria.

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24
Q

Nebuchadnezzar

A

King of the Chaldeni, overthrew Assyrian Empire

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25
Q

Persians

A

nomadic peoples from Iran

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26
Q

Achaemenid dynasty

A

Period where the nomadic Persian groups unified

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27
Q

Cyrus the Great

A

leader who stablished Persian empire

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28
Q

What did Cyrus do

A

Kept local government officials in their positions, presented himself as decedents of the Babylonian King, reputation for mercy

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29
Q

Darius

A

Cyrus’ grandson who expands Persia to India, but had an unsuccessful invasion of Greece

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30
Q

satrapy

A

province; region of empire (persia)

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31
Q

satrap

A

government of provinces

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32
Q

Zoroastrianism

A

monothiestic religion, had book called Zend Avesta (persia)

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33
Q

Ahuramazda

A

the one god of Zoroastrianism

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34
Q

Ahriman

A

the satan of Zoroastrianism

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35
Q

Nile River properties

A

S->N, more cities towards the delta, predicatble floods, natural barrier of protection

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36
Q

The Epic of Gilgamesh

A

multiple Gods, flood lasted 7 days, God’s we ‘fed up’ with doing chores below them

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37
Q

Menes

A

Egyptian king who united Upper and Lower Egypt & created Egypt’s Old Kingdom

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38
Q

Ma’at

A

spiritual principle on truth, justice, and harmony (Egypt)

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39
Q

vizer

A

top Egyptian burocrat

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40
Q

nome

A

province of Egypt

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41
Q

nomarch

A

governers of nomes

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42
Q

Middle Kingdom

A

Golden Age of Egyptian history

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43
Q

Social structure of Egypt

A

Pharoah, Priests, Merchants & traders, Serfs

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44
Q

Atum/Re

A

Egyptian sun god

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45
Q

osiris

A

egyptian river and land god

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46
Q

Isis

A

flood of nile god, wife of Osiris

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47
Q

Pyramids were created in

A

Old Kingdom

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48
Q

Mummification

A

process of drying a dead body

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49
Q

Ka

A

spiritual body that can only return if physical body is perserved (through mummification)

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50
Q

monsoons

A

seasonal wind patters (Southwest during the Summer)

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51
Q

2 main Indus Valley Civilizations

A

Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro

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52
Q

Sanskrit

A

a branch of Indo-European language family

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53
Q

Aryans

A

Indo-European-speaking peoples from the steppes around the Black and Caspian Seas

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54
Q

raja

A

chieftain of Aryan tribes

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55
Q

maharajas

A

great rajas

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56
Q

Dharma

A

set of laws outlining behavioral standards for all individuals and classes in Indian society

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57
Q

After Alexander the Great the ____ dynasty controlled much of India

A

Mauryan

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58
Q

Chadragupta Maurya

A

founded the new state and drove out the Greek administrators

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59
Q

Mauryan government was

A

highly centralized, dictator

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60
Q

Arthasastra

A

happiness of the king lies in the happiness of his people (Maurya)

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61
Q

India’s class system was

A

strict

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62
Q

varna

A

Indian social classes

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63
Q

Five major varna

A

brahmins, kshatriya, vaisya, sudras, untouchables

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64
Q

Brahmins

A

Top Priestly Indian class, means ‘one possessed of Brahman, twice born status

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65
Q

Kshatriya

A

second indian class, warriors, easiest class to join, twice born status

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66
Q

Vaisya

A

third Indian class, commoners/ merchants, twice born status

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67
Q

Sudras

A

fourth Indian class, majority of Indian population, mostly peasants, limited rights

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68
Q

Pariahs/ UNtouchables

A

Lowest level in Indian society, not ‘fully human’ justifying their treatment against them

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69
Q

Law of Manu

A

behavioral means prescribed by INdia’s mythical founding ruler, describles the duties of India’s social classes

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70
Q

Jati

A

Indian system of extended families, basic social organization into which traditional Indian society was divided

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71
Q

guru

A

Upper class young men, after initiation into the sacred thread, began studies with a guru (teacher)

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72
Q

Sati

A

ritual encouraging wife to throw herself onto her dead husbands funeral pyre

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73
Q

Brahmanism

A

Early Hinduism

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74
Q

Brahman

A

single monistic force in the universe, a form of ultamate reality

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75
Q

vishnu

A

The creator god in Brahmanism (and another name for Brahman)

76
Q

Vedas

A

four collection of hymes & religious ceremonies (Brahmanism)

77
Q

Upanishads

A

a set of commentaries on the Vedas, in which Brahman began to emerge as an important element of Indian religious belief

78
Q

Atman

A

Brahmanism belief, the individual self has a duty to achieve an understanding of Brahman, thus after death the self can merge in spiritual form with Brahman

79
Q

Asceticism

A

subjecting oneself to pain to communicate with the gods (Brahmanism)

80
Q

Reincarnation

A

Individual soul is reborn in a different form after death (Brahmanism)

81
Q

Karma

A

the idea that rebirth is determined by actions in this life (Brahmanism)

82
Q

Shiva

A

the destroyer (Brahmanism)

83
Q

Siddhartha Guatama

A

the historical founder of Buddhim

84
Q

Nirvana

A

metaphysical reality involving extinction of selfhood and a final reunion with the Great World Soul (Buddhism and Brahmanism)

85
Q

Buddhism denies

A

Atman

86
Q

Buddha’s 4 noble truths

A

Life is suffering, Suffering is caused by desire, the way to end suffering is to end desire, the way to end desire is to avoid the extremes of a life of vulgar materialism and a life of self-torture

87
Q

Appeals of Buddhism

A

accepts karma, rejects strict social classes, simpler (rejected multiple gods of Brahmanism), Women were allowed to join the monastic order

88
Q

Stupas

A

stone towers to house (relics of Budda)

89
Q

Mahavira

A

founder of Jainism

90
Q

Jainism

A

more extreme Buddhism, followers kept no possessions and relied on begging for a living

91
Q

Ashoka

A

grandson of Chandragupta Maurya and widely considered to be the greatest ruler in Indian history

92
Q

Rule of the Fishes

A

after Ashoka’s reign tje Mauryan Empire starts to decline, India is separated into states and not fully united

93
Q

Prakrit

A

simpler tounge than Sandskrit

94
Q

Three sovereigns who founded China

A

Fu Xi, Shen Nong, Huang Di

95
Q

Fu Xi

A

ox tamer, domesticated animals

96
Q

Shen Nong

A

the divine farmer, taught the people

97
Q

Huang Di

A

the Yellow Emperor, creating Chinese system of writing

98
Q

Xia Dynasty

A

beginning of Chinese civilization, founded by Yu

99
Q

oracle bones

A

ox and chicken bones or turtle shells used for divination (Shang)

100
Q

sui generis

A

unaffected by the events taking place around the world (Shang)

101
Q

Di

A

supreme sky God (Shang)

102
Q

Urnation of ancestors

A

buring replicas of physical object to accompany the departed on their journey to the next world (Shang)

103
Q

Shang Dynasty Social classes

A

Aristocrats, Merchants and Artisans, peasants, and Shmes (criminals or prisoners of war)

104
Q

Zhou Dynasty

A

followed Shang, longest lived Dynasty

105
Q

Mandate of Heaven

A

idea that Heaven/nature maintained order in the universe through the Zhou King

106
Q

Chinese gods are less ____ compared to Mesopotamian and Greek gods

A

erratic

107
Q

well-field system

A

each peasant family tilled an outer plot for its own use, and joined with other families to work the inner plot for the hereditary landlord (Zhou)

108
Q

Period of warring States

A

after Zhou Dynasty, China fractures into many states fighting for control

109
Q

Yin and Yang

A

Yin- sun, good Yang- moon, bad Life revolves around these forces

110
Q

Tian

A

Heaven, the symbol of universal order (China)

111
Q

Confucianism

A

concept of duty and human heartiness. This philosophy believed individuals have to work hard for a prosperous life

112
Q

Leagalism

A

argued human beings were evil by nature, people will only follow law if there are harsh punishments for doing otherwise

113
Q

Daoism

A

Like Confucianism in many ways, but has positive outlook on life

114
Q

Qin Dynasty

A

winner of Period of Warring states,

115
Q

Shi Huangdi

A

first emperor of Qin, Legalist views of his adviser Li Si

116
Q

Shi Huangdi centralized

A

a unified system of weight and measures, standardized money and written characters, constructed road system, divided landlord’s estates among the peasants, government Monopoly on commerce & manufacturing

117
Q

Xiongnu

A

nomadic peoples from the north who posed serious threat to Qin Dynasty

118
Q

Great Wall of China

A

built during Qin Dynasty, protected China from Xiongnu threat

119
Q

eunuchs

A

castrated males who served and advised the royal family, had conflicts with bureaucratic officials (Qin)

120
Q

Terra-cotta army

A

recreation of Qin Shi Huangdi’s imperial guard

121
Q

Lu Bang

A

founder of Han Dynasty, initially a peasant, also known as Han Gaozu

122
Q

Han Dynasty

A

followed Qin Dynasty

123
Q

State Confucianism

A

the integration of Confucian doctrine with Legalist institutions

124
Q

Han Dynasty officials were chosen on

A

civil service exams and academy to train candidates for bureaucracy

125
Q

Main Chinese Export

A

silk

126
Q

Silk Road

A

increased trade with south India which brought Buddhism to China which grows popular (Han)

127
Q

Han technology

A

Textile manufacturing, water mills, iron casting, paper, and advanced ships that could sail into the win

128
Q

Han Wudi

A

Expanded borders south beyond the Yangzi

129
Q

Wang Mang

A

a reformist official, seized power from the Han court and foundd Xin Dynasty, ultimately gets killed

130
Q

Xin Dynasty

A

shortest lived Dynasty, follows Han

131
Q

Cao Cao

A

ended Han dynasty

132
Q

Filial piety

A

called on all members of the family to place the needs and desires of the patriarchal head of the family above their own

133
Q

The five Chinese relationships

A

Son

134
Q

Family in Zhou (and Han) Dynasty

A

loyalty to family is more important than loyalty to state

135
Q

Family in Qin

A

saw clan loyalties as a threat, created Bao-jia system

136
Q

Bao-jia system

A

organizing family units of two groups of five and ten families that would exercise mutual control and surveillance

137
Q

Peloponnesus

A

southern peninsula connected by only a tiny isthmus, location of Sparta

138
Q

Attic Peninsula

A

above Peloponnesus surrounded by mountains and the sea (location of Athens)

139
Q

Minoan Crete

A

named after King Minos, different language and religion from Greeks

140
Q

Mycenae

A

first Greek state, warriors prided themselves on heroic deeds in battle, declined by Earthquakes and Invaded from the north

141
Q

Iliad

A

epic poem of Trojan War, focuses not on the war but the wrath of Achilles led to disaster, written by Homer

142
Q

The Odyssey

A

an epic romance, recounts the twenty-year journey of the Greek hero Odysseus from the fall of Troy when he returns to his wife Penelope

143
Q

Trojan War

A

Mycenean Greeks, led by King Agamemnon, sacked the city of Troy

144
Q

Achillies

A

main character of Trojan War

145
Q

Arete

A

the excellence befitting a hero, won in a struggle or contest

146
Q

polis

A

Greek center of life, ‘city state’

147
Q

acropolis

A

central hill where citizens could assemble for political, social, and religious activities

148
Q

agora

A

open space that served as a market and a place of assembly

149
Q

effects of polis

A

citizens loyal to city states, which divided Greece into fiercely patriotic independent units

150
Q

Hoplites

A

heavily armed infantrymen

151
Q

phalanx

A

rectangular formation in tight order

152
Q

Magna Graecia

A

(Great Greece) Roman name for souther Italy

153
Q

Government of Poleis

A

oligarchies

154
Q

Tyrants of Poleis

A

came to power unconstitutionally, now subject to law, built structures to glorify themselves, favored intrests of merchants

155
Q

Sparta needed more land so they conquered neighbors and turned them into serfs known as

A

helots

156
Q

Spata government

A

oligarchy

157
Q

Athens government

A

democracy, formed by Solon and Cleisthenes

158
Q

archons

A

aristocrats who possesses the best land

159
Q

Spartan government organization

A

two kings, five ephors, council of elders, assembly

160
Q

Sparta’s ephors

A

elected each year, responsible for education of youth

161
Q

Peloponnesian League

A

alliance of states, led by Sparta, to maintain order and stability in the Peloponnesus

162
Q

Solon

A

chosen as sole archon and given full power to make reforms

163
Q

Solon’s reforms

A

redistributed land to farmers who were sold to slavery, failed to solve Athen’s problems though

164
Q

Pisistratis

A

seizes power and pursues tyrannical trade and foreign policies

165
Q

Cleisthenes

A

gains control and introduces further reforms (council of 500 and Assembly)

166
Q

Persian War

A

Greeks vs Persians, happens when Greeks expand eastward and come into conflict

167
Q

Darius

A

seeks revenge from Persian War and invades Greece

168
Q

Battle of Marathon

A

Darius and his Persians land at Marathon, outnumbered Greek hoplites defeat the Persians

169
Q

Philippides

A

legend who runs 25 miles from Marathon to Athens to declare ‘We have Won’ before collapsing and dying

170
Q

Xerxes

A

Son of Darius who invades Greece

171
Q

Battle of Thermopylae

A

Greek force holds off Xerses’ army, King Leonidas of Sparta and his army of 300 Spartans

172
Q

Delian League

A

defensive alliance against the Persians under Athenian leadership

173
Q

Pericles

A

aristocrat who dominates Athenian politics, creates height of Athenian power

174
Q

Age of Pericles

A

expansion of democracy

175
Q

strategoi

A

ten generals (Age of Pericles)

176
Q

Peloponnesian War

A

War breaks out between Athens and Sparta, Athens retreat behind walls, Sparta look to invade, Athens loses due to plague

177
Q

Herodotus and Thucydides

A

wrote Persian Wars and History of the Peloponnesian War respectively (Thucy considered greatest history of the ancient War)

178
Q

Philosophy

A

love of wisdom, concerned with nature of universe and humans place in it.

179
Q

Sophists

A

wander in teachers who argued that understanding the universe was beyond the reach of the human mind

180
Q

Socrates

A

believed all knowledge was within each person, used question and answer method

181
Q

Plato

A

one of Socrates disciples, is widely considered the greatest philosopher of Western Civilization, established The Academy, ‘what is real’

182
Q

Aristotle

A

pupil of Plato, and later tutor to Alexander the Great

183
Q

Aristolte’s politics

A

declared constitutional government as best form

184
Q

oracle

A

sacred shrine dedicated to a particular god or goddess, where a priestess would answer questions

185
Q

Panhellenic celebrations

A

festivals honoring the gods and goddesses

186
Q

Phillip II

A

turned Macedonia into strong kingdom with a powerful army

187
Q

Hellenism

A

refers to the clash and fusion of different cultures ushered in by ATG and his conquests

Some other class (44 decks)

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