Globat Studies I - Tri 1 Flashcards
1
Q
characteristics of a civilization
A
an urban focus, an economy, and political and military structures
2
Q
Paleolithic Age
A
Old Stone Age
3
Q
Characteristics of Old Stone Age
A
nomadic peoples
4
Q
Neolithic age
A
New stone Age
5
Q
characteristics of Neolithic Age
A
agriculture
6
Q
results of agriculture
A
regular supply of food, livestock, greater control over environment, expansion of population
7
Q
bureaucracy
A
a system of government in which most of the important decisions are made by officials rather than by elected representatives
8
Q
homo sapiens
A
wise human beings
9
Q
Mesolithic Age
A
Middle Stone Age, transition from hunter-gather to food production
10
Q
patriarchy
A
society dominated by man
11
Q
neanderthals
A
‘form of human’ went extinct
12
Q
hominids
A
‘southern apeman’, earliest human like creatures
13
Q
Mesopotamia meaning
A
land between the rivers (Euphrates River and Tigris River)
14
Q
Sumerians
A
first Mesopotamian civilization cites throughout the Fertile Crescent
15
Q
Theocracy
A
government by a divine authority
16
Q
Akkadians
A
conquered Sumer, became first Mesopotamian Empire
17
Q
Sargon
A
leader of the Akkadians
18
Q
Hammurabi
A
rose to power over the Akkadians using bronze weapons
19
Q
Code of Hammurabi
A
code of law, “eye for an eye” principle
20
Q
ziggurat
A
temple, massive mudbrick structures
21
Q
divination
A
attempts to understand the intentions of the gods
22
Q
cuneiform
A
wedge shaped writing
23
Q
Ashurbanipal
A
strong Assyrian leader who overextended Assyria.
24
Q
Nebuchadnezzar
A
King of the Chaldeni, overthrew Assyrian Empire
25
Persians
nomadic peoples from Iran
26
Achaemenid dynasty
Period where the nomadic Persian groups unified
27
Cyrus the Great
leader who stablished Persian empire
28
What did Cyrus do
Kept local government officials in their positions, presented himself as decedents of the Babylonian King, reputation for mercy
29
Darius
Cyrus' grandson who expands Persia to India, but had an unsuccessful invasion of Greece
30
satrapy
province; region of empire (persia)
31
satrap
government of provinces
32
Zoroastrianism
monothiestic religion, had book called Zend Avesta (persia)
33
Ahuramazda
the one god of Zoroastrianism
34
Ahriman
the satan of Zoroastrianism
35
Nile River properties
S->N, more cities towards the delta, predicatble floods, natural barrier of protection
36
The Epic of Gilgamesh
multiple Gods, flood lasted 7 days, God's we 'fed up' with doing chores below them
37
Menes
Egyptian king who united Upper and Lower Egypt & created Egypt's Old Kingdom
38
Ma'at
spiritual principle on truth, justice, and harmony (Egypt)
39
vizer
top Egyptian burocrat
40
nome
province of Egypt
41
nomarch
governers of nomes
42
Middle Kingdom
Golden Age of Egyptian history
43
Social structure of Egypt
Pharoah, Priests, Merchants & traders, Serfs
44
Atum/Re
Egyptian sun god
45
osiris
egyptian river and land god
46
Isis
flood of nile god, wife of Osiris
47
Pyramids were created in
Old Kingdom
48
Mummification
process of drying a dead body
49
Ka
spiritual body that can only return if physical body is perserved (through mummification)
50
monsoons
seasonal wind patters (Southwest during the Summer)
51
2 main Indus Valley Civilizations
Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro
52
Sanskrit
a branch of Indo-European language family
53
Aryans
Indo-European-speaking peoples from the steppes around the Black and Caspian Seas
54
raja
chieftain of Aryan tribes
55
maharajas
great rajas
56
Dharma
set of laws outlining behavioral standards for all individuals and classes in Indian society
57
After Alexander the Great the ____ dynasty controlled much of India
Mauryan
58
Chadragupta Maurya
founded the new state and drove out the Greek administrators
59
Mauryan government was
highly centralized, dictator
60
Arthasastra
happiness of the king lies in the happiness of his people (Maurya)
61
India's class system was
strict
62
varna
Indian social classes
63
Five major varna
brahmins, kshatriya, vaisya, sudras, untouchables
64
Brahmins
Top Priestly Indian class, means 'one possessed of Brahman, twice born status
65
Kshatriya
second indian class, warriors, easiest class to join, twice born status
66
Vaisya
third Indian class, commoners/ merchants, twice born status
67
Sudras
fourth Indian class, majority of Indian population, mostly peasants, limited rights
68
Pariahs/ UNtouchables
Lowest level in Indian society, not 'fully human' justifying their treatment against them
69
Law of Manu
behavioral means prescribed by INdia's mythical founding ruler, describles the duties of India's social classes
70
Jati
Indian system of extended families, basic social organization into which traditional Indian society was divided
71
guru
Upper class young men, after initiation into the sacred thread, began studies with a guru (teacher)
72
Sati
ritual encouraging wife to throw herself onto her dead husbands funeral pyre
73
Brahmanism
Early Hinduism
74
Brahman
single monistic force in the universe, a form of ultamate reality
75
vishnu
The creator god in Brahmanism (and another name for Brahman)
76
Vedas
four collection of hymes & religious ceremonies (Brahmanism)
77
Upanishads
a set of commentaries on the Vedas, in which Brahman began to emerge as an important element of Indian religious belief
78
Atman
Brahmanism belief, the individual self has a duty to achieve an understanding of Brahman, thus after death the self can merge in spiritual form with Brahman
79
Asceticism
subjecting oneself to pain to communicate with the gods (Brahmanism)
80
Reincarnation
Individual soul is reborn in a different form after death (Brahmanism)
81
Karma
the idea that rebirth is determined by actions in this life (Brahmanism)
82
Shiva
the destroyer (Brahmanism)
83
Siddhartha Guatama
the historical founder of Buddhim
84
Nirvana
metaphysical reality involving extinction of selfhood and a final reunion with the Great World Soul (Buddhism and Brahmanism)
85
Buddhism denies
Atman
86
Buddha's 4 noble truths
Life is suffering, Suffering is caused by desire, the way to end suffering is to end desire, the way to end desire is to avoid the extremes of a life of vulgar materialism and a life of self-torture
87
Appeals of Buddhism
accepts karma, rejects strict social classes, simpler (rejected multiple gods of Brahmanism), Women were allowed to join the monastic order
88
Stupas
stone towers to house (relics of Budda)
89
Mahavira
founder of Jainism
90
Jainism
more extreme Buddhism, followers kept no possessions and relied on begging for a living
91
Ashoka
grandson of Chandragupta Maurya and widely considered to be the greatest ruler in Indian history
92
Rule of the Fishes
after Ashoka's reign tje Mauryan Empire starts to decline, India is separated into states and not fully united
93
Prakrit
simpler tounge than Sandskrit
94
Three sovereigns who founded China
Fu Xi, Shen Nong, Huang Di
95
Fu Xi
ox tamer, domesticated animals
96
Shen Nong
the divine farmer, taught the people
97
Huang Di
the Yellow Emperor, creating Chinese system of writing
98
Xia Dynasty
beginning of Chinese civilization, founded by Yu
99
oracle bones
ox and chicken bones or turtle shells used for divination (Shang)
100
sui generis
unaffected by the events taking place around the world (Shang)
101
Di
supreme sky God (Shang)
102
Urnation of ancestors
buring replicas of physical object to accompany the departed on their journey to the next world (Shang)
103
Shang Dynasty Social classes
Aristocrats, Merchants and Artisans, peasants, and Shmes (criminals or prisoners of war)
104
Zhou Dynasty
followed Shang, longest lived Dynasty
105
Mandate of Heaven
idea that Heaven/nature maintained order in the universe through the Zhou King
106
Chinese gods are less ____ compared to Mesopotamian and Greek gods
erratic
107
well-field system
each peasant family tilled an outer plot for its own use, and joined with other families to work the inner plot for the hereditary landlord (Zhou)
108
Period of warring States
after Zhou Dynasty, China fractures into many states fighting for control
109
Yin and Yang
Yin- sun, good Yang- moon, bad Life revolves around these forces
110
Tian
Heaven, the symbol of universal order (China)
111
Confucianism
concept of duty and human heartiness. This philosophy believed individuals have to work hard for a prosperous life
112
Leagalism
argued human beings were evil by nature, people will only follow law if there are harsh punishments for doing otherwise
113
Daoism
Like Confucianism in many ways, but has positive outlook on life
114
Qin Dynasty
winner of Period of Warring states,
115
Shi Huangdi
first emperor of Qin, Legalist views of his adviser Li Si
116
Shi Huangdi centralized
a unified system of weight and measures, standardized money and written characters, constructed road system, divided landlord's estates among the peasants, government Monopoly on commerce & manufacturing
117
Xiongnu
nomadic peoples from the north who posed serious threat to Qin Dynasty
118
Great Wall of China
built during Qin Dynasty, protected China from Xiongnu threat
119
eunuchs
castrated males who served and advised the royal family, had conflicts with bureaucratic officials (Qin)
120
Terra-cotta army
recreation of Qin Shi Huangdi's imperial guard
121
Lu Bang
founder of Han Dynasty, initially a peasant, also known as Han Gaozu
122
Han Dynasty
followed Qin Dynasty
123
State Confucianism
the integration of Confucian doctrine with Legalist institutions
124
Han Dynasty officials were chosen on
civil service exams and academy to train candidates for bureaucracy
125
Main Chinese Export
silk
126
Silk Road
increased trade with south India which brought Buddhism to China which grows popular (Han)
127
Han technology
Textile manufacturing, water mills, iron casting, paper, and advanced ships that could sail into the win
128
Han Wudi
Expanded borders south beyond the Yangzi
129
Wang Mang
a reformist official, seized power from the Han court and foundd Xin Dynasty, ultimately gets killed
130
Xin Dynasty
shortest lived Dynasty, follows Han
131
Cao Cao
ended Han dynasty
132
Filial piety
called on all members of the family to place the needs and desires of the patriarchal head of the family above their own
133
The five Chinese relationships
Son
134
Family in Zhou (and Han) Dynasty
loyalty to family is more important than loyalty to state
135
Family in Qin
saw clan loyalties as a threat, created Bao-jia system
136
Bao-jia system
organizing family units of two groups of five and ten families that would exercise mutual control and surveillance
137
Peloponnesus
southern peninsula connected by only a tiny isthmus, location of Sparta
138
Attic Peninsula
above Peloponnesus surrounded by mountains and the sea (location of Athens)
139
Minoan Crete
named after King Minos, different language and religion from Greeks
140
Mycenae
first Greek state, warriors prided themselves on heroic deeds in battle, declined by Earthquakes and Invaded from the north
141
Iliad
epic poem of Trojan War, focuses not on the war but the wrath of Achilles led to disaster, written by Homer
142
The Odyssey
an epic romance, recounts the twenty-year journey of the Greek hero Odysseus from the fall of Troy when he returns to his wife Penelope
143
Trojan War
Mycenean Greeks, led by King Agamemnon, sacked the city of Troy
144
Achillies
main character of Trojan War
145
Arete
the excellence befitting a hero, won in a struggle or contest
146
polis
Greek center of life, 'city state'
147
acropolis
central hill where citizens could assemble for political, social, and religious activities
148
agora
open space that served as a market and a place of assembly
149
effects of polis
citizens loyal to city states, which divided Greece into fiercely patriotic independent units
150
Hoplites
heavily armed infantrymen
151
phalanx
rectangular formation in tight order
152
Magna Graecia
(Great Greece) Roman name for souther Italy
153
Government of Poleis
oligarchies
154
Tyrants of Poleis
came to power unconstitutionally, now subject to law, built structures to glorify themselves, favored intrests of merchants
155
Sparta needed more land so they conquered neighbors and turned them into serfs known as
helots
156
Spata government
oligarchy
157
Athens government
democracy, formed by Solon and Cleisthenes
158
archons
aristocrats who possesses the best land
159
Spartan government organization
two kings, five ephors, council of elders, assembly
160
Sparta's ephors
elected each year, responsible for education of youth
161
Peloponnesian League
alliance of states, led by Sparta, to maintain order and stability in the Peloponnesus
162
Solon
chosen as sole archon and given full power to make reforms
163
Solon's reforms
redistributed land to farmers who were sold to slavery, failed to solve Athen's problems though
164
Pisistratis
seizes power and pursues tyrannical trade and foreign policies
165
Cleisthenes
gains control and introduces further reforms (council of 500 and Assembly)
166
Persian War
Greeks vs Persians, happens when Greeks expand eastward and come into conflict
167
Darius
seeks revenge from Persian War and invades Greece
168
Battle of Marathon
Darius and his Persians land at Marathon, outnumbered Greek hoplites defeat the Persians
169
Philippides
legend who runs 25 miles from Marathon to Athens to declare 'We have Won' before collapsing and dying
170
Xerxes
Son of Darius who invades Greece
171
Battle of Thermopylae
Greek force holds off Xerses' army, King Leonidas of Sparta and his army of 300 Spartans
172
Delian League
defensive alliance against the Persians under Athenian leadership
173
Pericles
aristocrat who dominates Athenian politics, creates height of Athenian power
174
Age of Pericles
expansion of democracy
175
strategoi
ten generals (Age of Pericles)
176
Peloponnesian War
War breaks out between Athens and Sparta, Athens retreat behind walls, Sparta look to invade, Athens loses due to plague
177
Herodotus and Thucydides
wrote Persian Wars and History of the Peloponnesian War respectively (Thucy considered greatest history of the ancient War)
178
Philosophy
love of wisdom, concerned with nature of universe and humans place in it.
179
Sophists
wander in teachers who argued that understanding the universe was beyond the reach of the human mind
180
Socrates
believed all knowledge was within each person, used question and answer method
181
Plato
one of Socrates disciples, is widely considered the greatest philosopher of Western Civilization, established The Academy, 'what is real'
182
Aristotle
pupil of Plato, and later tutor to Alexander the Great
183
Aristolte's politics
declared constitutional government as best form
184
oracle
sacred shrine dedicated to a particular god or goddess, where a priestess would answer questions
185
Panhellenic celebrations
festivals honoring the gods and goddesses
186
Phillip II
turned Macedonia into strong kingdom with a powerful army
187
Hellenism
refers to the clash and fusion of different cultures ushered in by ATG and his conquests
