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Some other class > Global Studies - Rise & Fall Islam > Flashcards

Global Studies - Rise & Fall Islam Flashcards

1
Q

Muhammad’s birth

A

Mecca

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2
Q

Muhammad’s revelations

A

meets the angel Gabriel, believed Allah had been partially revealed through Moses and Jesus, but that final revelations were now being given to him

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3
Q

Allah

A

god

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4
Q

Qur’an/Koran

A

holy scriptures of Islam, Muhammad’s revelations

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5
Q

‘Islam’

A

submission to the will of Allah

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6
Q

Hegira

A

flight of Muhammad and his supporters from Mecca to Medina (first date on Islamic calendar)

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7
Q

umma

A

first Muslim community of supporters

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8
Q

Ka’aba

A

sacred shrine of Islam (black box)

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9
Q

Five Pillars of Islam

A

similar to Christianity’s Ten Commandments

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10
Q

Shari’a

A

Muslim code of law

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11
Q

rules of Shari’a

A

no gambling, no drinking, to eating pork, marriages arranged by parents, limited to four wives

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12
Q

caliph

A

‘successsor’ of Muhammad and leader of Islamic community

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13
Q

imam

A

religious leader

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14
Q

First Caliph (Abu Bakr)

A

Muhammad’s father in law and early supporter

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15
Q

razzia

A

raid to defeat enemies

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16
Q

jihad

A

striving in the way of the Lord, or holy war - to expand Islamic authority

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17
Q

Ali

A

becomes caliph, assassinated after 5 years

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18
Q

Mu’awiya

A

a caliph who makes leadership hereditary in the Umayyad family

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19
Q

First Pillar of Islam

A

Believe in Allah and in Muhammad as he is prophet

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20
Q

Second Pillar of Islam

A

Pray 5 times a day facing Mecca, + public prayer on Fridays

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21
Q

Third Pillar of Islam

A

Fast during the holy month of Ramadan

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22
Q

Fourth Pillar of Islam

A

Make a hajj - pilgrimage to Mecca once in your life

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23
Q

Fifth Pillar of Islam

A

Giving zakat - alms to the poor

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24
Q

Arabia Pre Islam

A
  • Bedouns
  • Sheikh
  • sheep herds
  • camels and caravans for trades
  • polytheistic but Allah is main god
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25
Q

Bedouns

A

Nomadic peoples (Arabia pre Islam)

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26
Q

sheikh

A

Tribal leaders (Arabia Pre Islam)

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27
Q

Islam impact on Arabia

A
  • polytheistic to monotheistic

- Ka’aba already sacred shrine to THE sacred shrine

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28
Q

Strengths of Arab Empire

A
  • Powerful Bedouin cavalry (camels)
  • Skilled generals and motivated army
  • ongoing conflicts weakening
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29
Q

Battle of Tours

A

Charles Martel’s French Army stop Muslim advancement in Europe

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30
Q

Siege of Constantinople

A

Byzantine Empire defend their capital using Greek Fire to destroy Muslim defeat

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31
Q

Battle of Manzikart

A

Byz. defeat Gods(?) to call for crusades

32
Q

Causes of Shi’ite Revolt

A
  • Son of Ali, Hussein disputes the Umayyads’ legitimacy

- Favoritism towards Arab vs. non- Arab Muslims

33
Q

Shi’ites mean

A

‘Partisans of Ali’

34
Q

Effects of Shi’ite Revolt

A
  • Schism between Shi’ite and Arab Muslims

- Schism lasting to modern day

35
Q

Abbasid Dynasty

A

Established when Abu al-Abbas overthrows the Umayyads

36
Q

Abbasid changes to Sunni Law

A
  • All Muslims permitted to hold civil and military offices
  • intermarriage between Arabs and non- Arabs
  • Capital moved from Damascus to Baghdad
  • ideal citizens: judges, merchants, government officials
37
Q

diwan

A

Advisory council (Abbasid Dynasty)

38
Q

vizer

A

prime minister (Abbasid Dynasty)

39
Q

Decline of Abbasid Government

A
  • Caliphs become more autocratic
  • no spiritual authority
  • disputes between sons of caliphs
  • shortage of talented people
  • lives of luxury
40
Q

Seljuk Turks

A
  • Descendants of Xiongnu
  • Began as military mercenaries
  • conquer Baghdad
41
Q

Women required to ‘guard their modesty’

A

covered face and body when appearing in society

42
Q

Slavery in Islam

A

Muslims could not be enslaved, slaves can from non Muslim Africans or Asians

43
Q

Baghdad’s ‘House of Wisdom’

A

Stored works by Greek philosophers

44
Q

First ‘book culture’

A

Addasid society, cheap paper, block printing, and libraries

45
Q

Ibn Sina / Avicenna

A

Physician and philosopher, developed medical encyclopedia

46
Q

Change of ___ system

A

Number system, creation of algebra

47
Q

Sufism

A

Feeling of their creator through dancing (whirling Derushes

48
Q

Pre-Islamic Africa

A
  • Pantheism

- lineage groups -> clans made to keep their ancestor’s legacy

49
Q

Islamic Impact on Africa

A
  • Shift to monothiesm
  • greater social organizations as they are unified by one religion, Arabic writing system, Islamic Law
  • Africanized Islam
50
Q

Empire of Mali

A

wealth derived from salt + gold

51
Q

Mansa

A

local chieftans and religious leaders (Empire of Mali)

52
Q

Timboktu

A
  • Most famous Mali city
  • Founded as seasonal camp for traders
  • becomes major cultural center of West Africa under Mansa Musa
53
Q

Kushan Kingdom (after Mauryans)

A
  • controls northern India
  • Benefitted from trade along the Silk Road
  • Many Buddhist missionaries
54
Q

Gupta Empire

A
  • after Kushan Kingdom

- unifies most of India for a short-lived golden age

55
Q

Developments in Buddhism

A
  • Nirvana -> more concrete heavenly salvation
  • Siddhartha the man -> the being
  • Equal classes -> some are closer to Nirvana than before
56
Q

(T vs M) Viewpoints of Buddhism

A

Thervada - original teachings

Mahayana - Buddhism is a religion & Buddha is a divine figure

57
Q

(T vs M) Behavior

A

Thervada - strict personal behavior

Mahayana - believers can reach Nirvana through devotion

58
Q

(T vs M) bodhisattava

A

Theravada - Siddhartha Gautama is the only bodhisattva

Mahayana - Salvation could come from intercession of a bodhisattva

59
Q

(T vs M) How they view each other

A

Theravada - Mahayana ideas are “teachings of demons”

Mahayana - Theravada is too strict

60
Q

Bodhisattvas

A

People with so much ‘bodhi’ that after death they choose to remain on earth as spirits to help others

61
Q

Mahayana today

A

Replaced by Hinduism and Islam, still exists in China, Korea, and Japan

62
Q

Theravada today

A

Only on Sri Lanka and in Southeast Asia

63
Q

Buddhism Pre- Islam

A
  • declined in popularity
  • upper class follows Theravada
  • lower class follows Mahayana
64
Q

Islam impact on Buddhism

A
  • Fights between Muslims and Buddhists
  • taxes on religion
  • mixing of beliefs / cultures
65
Q

Brahmanism developed int o

A

Hinduism

66
Q

Bhakti

A

Devotion and rituals as means to improve one’s karma (Hinduism)

67
Q

Puja

A

Personal worship (Hinduism), more accessible to all people

68
Q

Empire of Ghazni

A

Located after Kushan Kingdom, founded by Turkic- speaking slaves

69
Q

Mahmoud Ghazni

A

wealth and culture rivialed the Abbasid Dynasty, introduced and spread Islam into India

70
Q

Genghis Khan

A

Leader of Mongols, conquer ____ and destroy Abbasid caliphate

71
Q

Hinduism Pre- Islam

A
  • Karma/Dharma
  • polytheistic
  • goal to unite with Brahman
  • strict social class
72
Q

Islam impact on Hinduism

A
  • Fighting
  • Hindu’s can keep religion but must pay tribute
  • Hindu’s adapt purdah
  • use horses >elephants
  • no social classes
73
Q

Purdah

A

Keep women in seclusion (Islam/Hinduism)

74
Q

Sikhism

A
  • Combines beliefs of Hinduism + Islam

- brings people closer together

75
Q

Nanak

A

Founder of Sikhism

76
Q

Ruling Muslim classes turn into ___ Indian social class

A

Brahmins and Kshatriyas

77
Q

Indians who convert to Islam

A

Form Muslim castes, but at lower level

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