Global Studies - Greece Flashcards
1
Q
Greece terrain
A
Mountainous peninsula with small plains and valleys
2
Q
Greece is full of
A
Bays and natural harbors
3
Q
Minoan Crete gets its name from
A
The legendary king Minos
4
Q
Peloponnesus
A
Southern peninsula connected by only a tiny isthmus (Sparta)
5
Q
Attic Peninsula
A
Above Peloponnesus, surrounded by mountains and sea (Athens)
6
Q
The Minoan Crete has different
A
Language and religion from Greeks, oversaw a far reaching sea empire, a
Destroyed and likely invaded around 140p BCE
7
Q
First Greek state
A
Mycenae
8
Q
Mycenae civilization
A
Built walls on hills, warriors pride themselves on heroic deeds in battle
9
Q
Cause of decline in Mycenae
A
Earthquakes and invasion from the north
10
Q
Greek “Dark Age”
A
After Mycenaean collapse, many Greeks migrated to islands in the Aegean Sea and Ionia on Asia Minor
11
Q
When did Homer’s works appear
A
“Dark Age”
12
Q
The Iliad
A
Epic poem of the Trojan War, focuses on the “wrath of Achilles” led to disaster
13
Q
The Odyssey
A
Epic romance, recounts the 20 year journey of ‘Odysses’ from the fall of Troy to when he returns to his wife ‘Panalope’
14
Q
Trojan war
A
Mycenae Greeks, sacked the city of Troy
15
Q
Leader of Mycenaean Greeks during Trojan war
A
Agamemnon
16
Q
Main character of Trojan War
A
Achilles
17
Q
In the Trojan war, Paris
A
Prince of Troy, kidnapped Helen, wife of the king of Sparta
18
Q
Arete
A
The excellence befitting a hero, won ink a struggle or contest
19
Q
During the Bronze and Iron Age, men valued
A
Heroism, honor, and nobility
20
Q
During the Bronze and Irom age, women valued
A
Excellence, faithfulness, courage, and intelligence
21
Q
Polis
A
“City state”, evolved as the center of Greek life
22
Q
Acropolis
A
Central hill where citizens could assemble for political, social, and religious activities
23
Q
Agora
A
Place below acropolis, open space that served as a market and a place of assembly
24
Q
What do people do at the polis
A
Engaged in political, economic, social, cultural, and religious activities
25
In polis, adult males
We’re citizens with political rights
26
In polis, women and children
Were citizens with no political rights
27
In polis, non citizens were
Slaves, or resident aliens
28
Positive effects of polis
Citizens loyal to their city-states
29
Negative effects of polis
Distrust between city states, Greece divided into fiercely patriotic independent units, Greece was a geographic location more than a country
30
Hoplites
Heavily armed infantry men
31
What did hoplites carry
Round shield, short sword, 9 foot spear
32
Phalanx
Rectangular formation in tight order
33
Effects of Greek colonization
Culture spread ps throughout the Mediterranean, greater sense of Greek identity, increased trade and industry, political crises
34
Government of Greek Poleis
Initially oligarchy, turns into powerful people becoming tyrannts
35
Festures of Greek Poleis Tyrants
Came to power unconstitutionally, not subject to the law, built temples and other structures for their glory, favored merchants and traders
36
Sparta needed more land so
They conquered mieghbors and turned them into serfs known as Helots
37
Helots outnumbered Spartans and
Constantly threatens revolt
38
Sparta government
Oligarchy
39
Archons (athens)
Officials who possessed the best land
40
Reforms of Solon and Cleisthenes
Establish Athenian democracy
41
Sparta’s two kings
From different families and responsible for millitary
42
Sparta’s 5 ephors
Elected each year, responsible for education of youth and conduct of all citizens
43
Spartas council of elders
Composed of the two kings and 28 males over the age of 60, decided issues to be presented to assembly
44
Sparta’s assembly
Composed of all male citizens, debated and voted on proposals put forth by council of elders, elected council of elders and ephors
45
Spartans were isolationists because
They feared foreigners with new ideas
46
Peloponnesian League
Alliance of states, led by Sparta, to maintain order and stability in the Peloponnesus
47
Spartan’s basic reason for existence was
Total loyalty to the Spartan State
48
Solon
Athenian leader who was chosen as sole archon and given full power to make reforms
49
Why did Solon. Have to make reforms
In response to farmers being unable to pay their debts, being sold into slavery
50
What were Solon’s reforms
Canceled farmers land debts and freed the people who were sold into slavery, but did not give them land
51
Pisistratus
Seizes Athenian power and pursues tyrannical trade and foreign policies (560 BCE)
52
Cleisthenes
Gains control of Athens and introduces reforms
53
What were Cleisthenes reforms
Created council of Five Hundred and created the assembly
54
Council of Five Hundred
Chosen by lot from all Athenian citizens, responsible for foreign affairs, finances, and business for assembly
55
Athenian Assembly
All male citizens, had final authority to pass the laws and have open debate
56
Persian War
Greeks expand eastward and come into conflict with Persian Empire
57
In the Persian War, Greeks saw people as
Citizens of the state
58
In the Persian War, Persians saw people as
Subjects of the Empire
59
Darius
Persian rule who seeks revenge and invades Greece
60
Battle of Marathon
Persians land at Marathon, 26 miles away from Athens, Greeks win despite being outnumbered
61
Philippides
Greek messenger who runs 25 miles from Marathon to Athens to declare “we have won”! before collapsing and dying
62
Xerxes
Son of Darius who invades Greece
63
Triremes
Ships with 3 banks of oars
64
Battle of Thermopylae
Greek force of 9,000 holds off Persian army for two days
65
King Leonidas
Leader of Sparta during the battle of Thermopylae , his army of 300 fight to the last man
66
Battle Of Salamis
Athenian naval victory
67
Battle of Plateau
Largest Greek army ever assembled defeats the Persian army, And the Persians retreat to Asia
68
Battle of ____
Greeks pursue the Persians into Ionia and destroy their fleet
69
Delian League
Defensive alliance against the Persians under Athenian leadership
70
Pericles
Aristocrat who dominates Athenian politics after the Persian War
71
Age of Pericles
Often referred to the height of Athenian power
72
Democracy
Power in the hands of the people
73
Strategoi
Ten generals elected by public vote, handle affairs of state
74
Peloponnesian War
War between Athens and Sparta
75
Athen’s strategy in Peloponnesian War
Retreat behind walls and rely of overseas supplies
76
Sparta’s strategy in Peloponnesian War
Invade Attica and ravage the fields
77
How does the Peloponnesain War end
A plague in Athens kills 33% of Population, leading to their surrender
78
Effects of Peloponnesain War
Weakened major Greek states, destroyed cooperation amongst the states
79
Herodotus
Wrote History of the Persian Wars, the first real history in Western civilization
80
Thucydides
Considered the greatest historian of the ancient world, wrote History of the Peloponnesain War
81
Greek Tragedies
Focused on single tragic even and it’s meaning
82
Oresteia
In Aeschylus, law prevails over personal vendetta
83
Oedipus the King
In Sophocles, Oedipus kills his own father and marries his mother, as Apollo foretold
84
Tragic lesson repeated in Greek Dramas
Humans were free, yet could only operate within limitations imposed by the gods
85
Comedies
Used to attack or satirize politicians & intellectuals
86
Parthenon
Most famous Greek temple
87
Philosophy
“Love of wisdom”
88
Philosophers
Were concerned with the nature of the universe and our place within it
89
Sophists
Wandering teachers who argued that understanding the universe was beyond the reach of human mind
90
Beliefs of Sophists
Focused on human behavior and persuasive debates,
91
View on Sophists
Viewed by many as harmful to society and having dangerous ideas, (sophomore, “wise fools”)
92
Socrates
Believed all knowledge was within each person, and crucial examination would reveal it
93
Socratic method
Question and answer teaching method that leads students to reason out answers on their own
94
Socrates taught for
Free, believed goal of education was to improve the individual
95
Socrates was questioned
By authorities and criticized traditional Athenian values
96
Socrates was sentenced to death by
Hemlock poisoning
97
Plato
One of Socrates disciples, is widely considered the greatest philosopher of Western civilization
98
Plato established
The Academy, in Athens
99
Plato focused on
“What is real”
100
Plato’s ideal government follows
Philosopher kings, the upper and ruling elite, warriors that protect society, and the masses, driven by desire, rather than wisdom
101
Where does Plato set out ideas on government
The Republic
102
Plato believed men and women
Should have equal education and access to all position’s
103
Aristotle
Pupil of Plato, later tutors Alexander their Great
104
Aristotle believed women
Were biologically inferior to men
105
In Aristotle’s Politics he
Examined the constitutions of 158 states to determine the ideal government’
106
In Aristotle’s Politics there are 3 good forms and 3 bad forms of government
Monarchy - Tyranny
Aristocracy - Oligarchy
Constitutional Government - radical democracy or anarchy
107
Aristotle believed ___ was the best form of government
Constitutional Government
108
Where did the Greek Gods live
Mount Olympus
109
Zeus
Chief deity and father of the gods
110
Athena
Goddess of wisdom and crafts
111
Apollo
God of sun and poetry
112
Poseidon
God of the seas and earthquakes
113
Oracle
A sacred shine dedicated to a particular god or goddess, where a priestess would answer questions
114
Panhellenic celebrations
Festivals honoring the gods and goddesses
115
The Olympics
Festival incorporated athletic games to honor Zeus
116
Macedonians were viewed as
Tribal barbarians
117
Phillip II
Turned Macedonia into a powerful army and strong kingdom
118
Macedonians defeat the Greeks at
The Battle of Chaeronea
119
Phillip II demands an oath of loyalty in the
Corinthian Treaty
120
Alexander the Great
Son of Phillip II, becomes king of Macedonia at age 20, follows fathers dream of invading Macedonia
121
Alexandria
The names of the cities ATG captures
122
Battle of Guaganela
A decisive victory for ATG over the Persian army
123
Battle of Hydaspes River
Defeats Indian forces in Indus Valley (ATG)
124
Hellenism
refers to the clash and fusion of different cultures ished in by ATG and his conquests
125
Hellenistic
to imitate Greeks
126
Features of Hellensim
- Expansion of Language and ideas
- Opportunities for Greeks in Persia
- Autocratic Power
- All government business transacted in Greek
- New opportunities for women
- Rulers patronizing cultural developments
- Fusion of Greeks and easterners
- Tension between Greco-Macedonian ruling class and native populations
127
Heliocentric
earth rotates around the sun-view of the universe
128
Aristarchus
developed heliocentric model
129
Eratosthenes
determined that earth was roudn and calculated distance within 200 miles of correct distance
130
Euclid
compiled a textbook on Geometry
131
Archimeds
devised a water and established the value of pi
132
Epicureanism
Human beings are free to follow self intrest as a basic motivating force, seperated from politics, friendship
133
Stoicism
most popular philosophy, believed living in peace and harmony will create happiness
134
Classical Greece
happiness and the meaning of life associated with the life of the polis and the community
135
Hellenistic kingdoms
focus on happiness and openness to new peoples and ideas
